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University of Khartoum Faculty of engineering Department of control and measurement Automation laboratory . Tasneem Amin 064020 Afraa Abdalraheem 064045 Nada Alshaikh 064085 Wafaa Husam 064091 .
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University of KhartoumFaculty of engineering Department of control and measurementAutomation laboratory
TasneemAmin 064020AfraaAbdalraheem 064045Nada Alshaikh 064085WafaaHusam 064091
The revolution ushered in by the digital computer in the latter half of this century has fundamentally changed many characteristics of work, leisure, travel, and other human activities. Even more radical changes are anticipated in the next century as computers increase in power, speed, and "intelligence."
These factors sustain much of the drive toward automation in the workplace and elsewhere, as more capable computer hardware and software become available at low cost.
We define automation as the execution by a machine agent (usually a computer) of a function that was previously carried out by a human
Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services
What is considered automation will therefore change with time. When the reallocation of a function from human to machine is complete and permanent, then the function will tend to be seen simply as a machine operation, not as automation.
Examples of this include starter motors for cars and automatic elevators. By the same token, such devices as automatic teller machines, cruise controls in cars, and the flight management system (FMS) in aircraft qualify as automation because they perform functions that are also performed manually by humans.
Human-automation teams are common in many domains, such as military operations, process control, and medicine. With intelligent automation, these teams operate under a supervisory control paradigm.
1) Mission Effectiveness (e.g., key mission performance parameters)2) Automation Behavior Efficiency (e.g., usability, adequacy, autonomy, reliability)3) Human Behavior Efficiencya) Attention allocation efficiency (e.g., scan patterns, prioritization)b) Information processing efficiency (e.g., decision making)
4) Human Behavior Precursorsa) Cognitive precursors (e.g., situational awareness, mental workload)b) Physiological precursors (e.g., physical comfort, fatigue)5) Collaborative Metricsa) Human/automation collaboration (e.g., trust, mental models)b) Human/human collaboration (e.g., coordination efficiency, team mental model)c) Automation/automation collaboration (e.g., platforms’ reaction time to situational events that require autonomous collaboration)
What Are Key Performance Indicators (KPI) What Are Key Performance Indicators (KPI) Key Performance Indicators (KPI)
A set of quantifiable measures that a company or industry uses to gauge or compare performance in terms of meeting their strategic and operational goals. KPIs vary between companies and industries, depending on their priorities or performance criteria
Advantages & disadvantages • Operator’s use of automation is influenced by a number of factors, the most important the perception of the advantages and disadvantages of using automation. • This will be based on: 1- The demand of the situation. 2- The operator’s previous experience of automation.
Advantages & disadvantages of people versus machine kantowitz& sorkin:- • “any table that can compare human and machine, especially if numerical indexes of relative performance or equation can be listed, as any good engineer would attempt, is bound to favor the machine. Machines and people are not really comparable subsystems, even though human factors specialists go to great length to relate the two” . • Thus allocating functions between people & automation is not at all equivalent to allocating functions among automated subsystems.
What is allocating functions?! • Allocation of function is a traditional human factors responsibility that determines if a particular task is better assigned to a human or automation.
Advantages of human over a machine 1-Creativeness 2-Innovation 3-Aptitude to deal with novel situations
Human qualities which cannot be replaced by automation • The capability of quickly grasping logical connection in large complex quantities of data and filtering out the meaningless data • The ability to divide up memory into related data segments. • The ability to identify errors when data is presented graphically. • The possession of genuine flexibility in dealing with unforeseen events.
Advantages of machine over a human • Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or monotonous work. • Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous environments (i.e. fire, space, volcanoes, nuclear facilities, underwater, etc.) • Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of size, weight, speed, endurance, etc. • Economy improvement. Automation may improve in economy of enterprises, society or most of humanity. For example, when an enterprise invests in automation, technology recovers its investment; or when a state or country increases its income due to automation like Germany or Japan in the 20th Century.
The main disadvantages of automation • Technical Limitation: • Current technology is unable to automate all the desired tasks. • Security Threats/ Vulnerability: • An automated system may have limited level of intelligence, hence it is most likely susceptible to commit error. • Unpredictable development costs: • The research and development cost of automating a process may exceed the cost saved by the automation itself. • High initial cost: • The automation of a new product or plant requires a huge initial investment in comparison with the unit cost of the product, although the cost of automation is spread in many product batches.
Open-loop machines are devices that are started, go through a cycle, and then stop. =fully automated system
dishwashing machine microwave ovens, coffeemakers
automatic dishwashing machine . Once dishes are loaded into the machine and a button pushed, the machine goes through a predetermined cycle of operations: pre-rinse, wash, rinse, and dry.
Closed-loop machines are devices that are capable of responding to new instructions at some point in their operation. The instructions may come from a human operator or from some part of the operation itself. The ability of a machine to self-correct by using some part of its output (for example, measurements) as input (new instructions determined by those measurements) is known as feedback. • =partially automated system
measurements Cars manufacturing
On one level, many otherwise dangerous, unpleasant, or time-consuming tasks are now being performed by machines Automated systems also make it much easier for people to work in nontraditional settings. They may be able to stay home, for example, and do their jobs by communicating with other individuals and machines by means of highly automated communications systems.
Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian SSR (now Ukraine). It is considered the worst nuclear power plant accident in history, and it is the only one classified as a level 7 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale.
is often described as the addition of a human element to an automated piece of machinery. In Lean Manufacturing, machines are designed to operate independently from humans giving workers the ability to perform multiple tasks and oversee the production of a variety of machines at the same time.
What is the problem autonomation solve ? The problem that existed with automation was that if an error was to occur, faulty materials would be made and sometimes because of the worker's duality in responsibility, these defects would go unnoticed for a period. In autonomation, these defects trigger a response in the machinery telling it to stop. Naturally having machines stop production tells the worker that there is some sort of error that needs to be corrected. The machine stops producing before any faulty materials are made and the worker stops the production line to correct the problem and get production back on track.
Airplane crashes have occurred when the plane was in automated mode pilots are often inadequately trained to fly a plane in autopilot mode
New York plane crash the plane was on autopilot despite it’s recommending that pilots fly manually in icy conditions.
train disaster Washington, D.C. on June 22, 2009 Automatic train control systems are supposed to detect the presence of all trains at all times
System failures in the unfortunate event that the system fails, there should be a built-in safety redundancy, like a real-time alert, to prevent trains from hitting one another Since the crash, trains have been manually controlled as a precaution against computer problems
