1 st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success? Class 17 2009/2010

Tableofcontents 1 . Introductionand background 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes

1 . Introduction and background High School College Transition [2] 2. Aims 3. Methods Adaptation New reality 4. Results Different city Distance from home 5. Discussion New friends New educational methods 6. Conclusion Living alone 7. References How do young students face all this? 8. Annexes [2] Loureiro, E. (2008) 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Social Support Healthy Life Style Decision Making and Problems Solving 2. Aims “To adapt to their surrounding environment an individual must cope and manage problems, challenges and demands in his and her daily life” [4] Personal well-being [3] 3. Methods 4. Results All ready to succeed However 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion Basal Requirements Motivation Adaptation 7. References Gradual process [5] 8. Annexes [3] Kari, K. (2006) ; [4] Dyson, R (2006) ; [5 ]Montelongo, R. (2004) 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Key words in bibliographic research: • Students, Medical • Social Adjustment • Academic success AND / OR failure 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion Research performed in: 6. Conclusion • PubMed • Google Scholar 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background In literature… Academic first year ... Influenced by: 2. Aims • Family proximity [6] • Stable familiar environment [6] • Active social and personal environment [3] • Good financial status [6] 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes [3] Kari, K. (2006) ; [6]Feenstra, J. S. (2001) ; [7] SAT I (2009) 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Expectedresults : 2. Aims • Distance from home/nuclear family Family’s support is of major importance in the maintenance of a good mental health. • Extra curricular activities Although it may represent drawbacksif they occupy most of the students free time, it can be a relaxing momentof the daily routine. 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background 2. Aims • Sleepingtime • Influenced by: • Night outs frequency; • Night outs return hour; • Sleeping hours; • Influences • Ability to accomplish daily tasks and health; • Gender [9] • Influences • Academic performance 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes [9] Magalhães, E (2009) 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background • Other factors that influence student’s academic success : • Student’s level of stress [8] • Is very common on medical students, which may develop depression symptoms and suicidal thoughts • Social background [10] • Such as parent’s education • Socioeconomic status [11] 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes [8] Vitaliano, P. (1989) ; [10] Ortiz, E. (2008) ; [11] Mcmanus, C. (1986) . 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background • In literature we could find some factors that influence academic success but we focused our study on: • - Gender • - Course satisfaction • - Extra curricular activities • - Time of study • - Family support • - Resting time • In spite of existing more factors, our option reflects on these because we thought this would be more interesting 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background • Academic success… How to define it? 2. Aims • We consider success to have been approved at least subjects from the 1st semester in FMUP fulfilling 20 or more ECTS. 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background • Academic satisfaction… How to define it? • “Academic Life Satisfaction is defined as the expected satisfaction in one's life in school by the fulfillment of his/her important academic goals or aspirations.”[12] • We used a Satisfaction scale, which was rated from 1 to 10: • 1-4: Unsatisfied • 5-8: Satisfied • 9-10: Very satisfied 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes [12] Kumar, P. S. 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background In order to achieve our goal, we tried to: • Discover which are the causes to success / failure; 2. Aims • Evaluate academic performance; • Point out some important measures to obtain success. 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background 2. Aims 3. Methods Study design 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background 2. Aims TargetPopulation: StudentsattendingMasterinMedicineinthe 1styear for the 1sttime. (aproximately 254 students) 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background 2. Aims InclusionCriteria Studentsattending FMUP 1st year. ExclusionCriteria • Students attending FMUP 1st year not for the first time; • Students that havebeeninanothercollege. 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background 2. Aims InclusionCriteria Studentsattending FMUP 1st year. ExclusionCriteria • Students attending FMUP 1st year not for the first time; • Students that havebeenpreviouslyinanothercollege. 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Selection Method FMUP 2. Aims 22 classes 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion All students fulfilling the requirements 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Survey adressingpersonalissues 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References Survey 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Divulgation: Contacting each head of class by email and practical classes (Anatomy II) Survey construction (online and on paper) Telephone approach (message) after 2nd re-send with no reply 2. Aims 3. Methods Student’spersonalinformation 1st Semester grades Statisticalanalysis PASW 18 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion Data Analysis 7. References CONCLUSIONS 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Studentsfrom 1styear 2. Aims 31 licensee 335 registered 3. Methods 50 disapproved 4. Results 335 – 31 – 50 = 254 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion Number of from the first year for the first time in college 7. References 8. Annexes Number of students that started other course and withdrew is unknown, so is not removed from the 254 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Samplesize 2. Aims 161 students 3. Methods 4. Results 1 Excluded 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 160 students 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background 2. Aims Comparison: Targetpopulation’sdailyhabitsanditssuccesson 1styearmedicalschool. 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Results analysis 2. Aims • In order to characterize the sample: • Choose the adequate variables of the survey; • Do adequate statistical analysis. 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. References 6. Annexes First year medical students - The Key to Success

1 . Introduction and background • Other attempts to achieve significative results: • Logistic regression • Hosmer and Lemeshow test • Spearman/ Pearson correlation 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Sample characteristics • Respondents rate= 161/254 = 0.634 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Success and Failure rate 2. Aims 1 excluded 3. Methods Success = 86,2% 161 Inquired 4. Results 160 Failure = 13,8% 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion Success rate = 137/160 Failure rate = 22/160 7. References 8. Annexes • Respondents rate= 161/254 = 0,634 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Results 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes *FisherExactTest **SpearmenCorrelation 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Results Satisfaction vs. AcademicSuccess 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion FisherExactTest SpearmanCorrelation P-value: 0,001 R: 0,177 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes Medical School: Factors affecting 1st year academic success

1 . Introduction and background Results LogisticRegression 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes Y = 32,214 - 0,074*G - 2,237*N – 3,111*P – 22,979*V – 3,537*A - 0,639*H – 1,210*S –2,565T – 27,031SG 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background • Discussion • Problems when generalizing results; • Though contact was made with the authors of the selected articles, no access was allowed to the surveys used in their studies; • Due to schedule issues: • Survey was not validated; • Target population could not be completely approached. 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background • Discussion • “(…) students with high achievement are more satisfied in their academic life. So achievement increases as Academic Life Satisfaction increases. (…)” [12] 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion Ourresults come uponthisstudy 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes [12] (Kumar & Dileep) 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background • Discussion • In spite of not having significative results it seem that… • women have more success than men (corroborated by some studies and not corroborated by other); • people that have extra-curricular activities presents high levels of success than the others; • students that go out at night with less frequency than once a week are more succeeded than the other; • People that sleep more time (8 – 10 hours per night) have more success than the ones that sleep less time 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background • Conclusion • Student’s satisfaction grade with the course is related with academic success. 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background • Conclusion • For further studies: • Bigger sample; • Students from other medical schools; • Include other variables (e.g. stress) 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background References: • [1] Smith, G. S. (2002). College style: Nearly a third of college freshmen don't return to school the next year. Here's how to improve your odds of surviving—and thriving! Career World ; • [2] Loureiro, E., Mcintyre, T., Mota-Cardoso, R. (2008). A relação entre o stress e os estilos de vida nos Estudantes De Medicina da Faculdade de Medicina do Porto. ActaMedica do Porto , 209-214. • [3] Kari, K., Reidar, T., Arnstein, F., Erlend, H., Tore, G., Nina, T. G., et al. (2006). Life satisfaction and resilience in medical school – a six-year longitudinal, nationwide and comparative study. BMC MedicalEducation , 1-8; • [4] Dyson, R., & Renk, K. (2006). Freshmen adaptation to university life: Depressive symptoms, stress and coping. Journalofclinicalpsychology . • [5] Montelongo, R. (2004). Motivation and Learning Strategies for College Success: A Self-Management Approach (2nd ed.) Journal of College Student Development ; • [6]Feenstra, J. S., Banyard, V. L., Rines, E. N., & Hopkins, K. R. (2001). First-year students' adaptation to college: The role of family variables and individual coping. Journal of College Student Development ; • [7] SAT I: A Faulty Instrument For Predicting College Success. Fairtest. (s.d.). Obtained at November 25th of 2009, from Fair Test The National Center for Fair and Opening Testing: http://www.fairtest.org/sat-i-faulty-instrument-predicting-college-success; 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background References: • [8] Vitaliano, P., Maiuro, R., Mitchell, E., & Russo, J. (1989). Perceived stress in medical school: Resistors, persistors, adaptors and maladaptors. Social Science & Medicin, Volume 28, Issue 12 , 1321-1329; • [9] Magalhães, E., Portela, M., Oliveira, P., Salgueira, A. P., & Costa, M. (2009). PERSONALIDADE, GÉNERO E DESEMPENHO ACADÉMICO: UM ESTUDO COM ESTUDANTES DE MEDICINA PORTUGUESES. Actas do X Congresso Internacional Galego-Português de Psicopedagogia, (pp. 4906-4917). Braga. • [10] Ortiz, E. (2008). What are the Factory of Success at University? A Case study in Belgium. CESifo Economic Studies Vol54,2 , 121-148; • [11] Mcmanus, C., Richards, P. (1986). Admission for medicine in the United Kingdom: a structural model of background factors. Medical Education, 181-160. • [12] Kumar, P. S., & Dileep, P. (n.d.). Academic Life Satisfaction Scale (ALSS) and its effectiveness in predicting academic success. University of Calicut, Department of education , 1-15. 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Annexes: INQUÉRITO Estudantes de Medicina no primeiro ano pela primeira vez: a chave para o sucesso Somos um grupo de estudantes da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal, que frequenta o primeiro ano do curso de Medicina, turma 17, e estamos a realizar um estudo transversal e observacional, no âmbito da disciplina de Introdução à Medicina acerca dos factores relacionados com o sucesso/insucesso escolar dos estudantes inscritos pela primeira vez no ensino superior no 1º ano no curso de Medicina. Tendo em conta a vossa experiência, acreditamos que as vossas respostas serão de extrema importância para o nosso estudo. Deste modo, pedimos que respondam a este breve questionário, elaborado propositada e unicamente para reunir a informação da população alvo. Apesar de ser solicitado o nome ao inquirido, garantimos a confidencialidade dos dados. NOME:__________________________________________________________________________________ ID: ___ ___ ___ ID: ___ ___ ___ 1 - Em que ano nasceste? ______ 2 - Tiveste necessidade de te deslocar do teu agregado familiar habitual para frequentares o curso? SIM ____ NÃO ____ Se SIM, com quem vives agora? AMIGOS ____ SOZINHO(A) ____ FAMÍLIA ____ OUTRO (especificar) ________________ 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Annexes: 3 - Se respondeste SIM na questão anterior, com que frequência vais a casa? Todos os fins de semana ___ Duas vezes por mês ____ Uma vez por mês ____ Só nas férias ____ 4 - Em média, com que frequência sais à noite? Duas ou mais vezes por semana ____ Uma vez por semana ____ Duas vezes por mês ____ Uma vez por mês ou menos ____ 4.1 - Até que horas habitualmente duram as tuas saídas? Até as 22h ______ Até às 24h _______ Até as 2h ________ Até depois das 2h ______ 5 - Quantas horas de sono tens habitualmente por noite? _____ horas 6 - Frequentas algum tipo de actividades extra-curriculares? SIM ____ NÃO _____ Se respondeste NÃO, avança imediatamente para a pergunta 7 Se SIM, que actividade(s)? __________________________________ Quantas horas semanais ocupas com essa actividade? ________________ 7 - Em média, quanto tempo passas diariamente na faculdade para além do tempo de aulas? _____ horas 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Annexes 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

1 . Introduction and background Annexes: 8 - Em média, quanto tempo estimas ter dedicado por semana para cada uma das disciplinas no semestre passado? Anatomia I: _____ horas Biologia Celular I: _____ horas Bioquímica I: _____ horas Introdução a Medicina I: _____ horas 9 - Das quatro disciplinas que tiveste no último semestre, reprovaste a alguma? SIM___ NÃO___Se respondeste SIM, qual/quais foram? Anatomia I: ____ Biologia Celular I: ____ Bioquímica I: ____ Introdução à Medicina I: ____ 10 - Relativamente às disciplinas que obtiveste aprovação, quais foram as notas finais? Anatomia I: ____ Biologia Celular I: ____ Bioquímica I: ____ Introdução à Medicina I: ____ 11 - Numa escala de 0 a 10, qual o teu grau de satisfação com o curso que frequentas? _______ 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. References 6. Annexes Voltar 1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?

Acknowledgments Wewouldlike to expressourgratitude to our’ssupervisors Gustavo Martins, Rosa Oliveira and to Professor Altamiro Manuel Rodrigues Costa Pereira, whoseexpertiseandadvicesaddedconsiderablyremarks to ourexperienceandwork.

1st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success? Rafael, A.; Areias, A. C.; Raimundo, A. R.; Macedo, A. R.; Melo, C.; Venade, G.; Castro, L.; Sousa, M. I.; Ferreira, M. J.; Morgado, M.; Coelho, M.; Rebelo, M.; Catarino, P.; Cardoso, R.; Silva, S.; Carvalho, V.

1 st year at Medical School: Which factors affects academic success?