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Germán Tirao Grupo de Física Médica e Imágenes de Rayos X FaMAF – Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

Mammography Image Quality Optimization. Germán Tirao Grupo de Física Médica e Imágenes de Rayos X FaMAF – Universidad Nacional de Córdoba & CONICET. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010. Mammography Image Quality Optimization.

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Germán Tirao Grupo de Física Médica e Imágenes de Rayos X FaMAF – Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

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  1. Mammography Image Quality Optimization Germán Tirao Grupo de Física Médica e Imágenes de Rayos X FaMAF – Universidad Nacional de Córdoba & CONICET

  2. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization The image quality depends on: • Sample properties (breast tissue, kind of micro, breast size, calcifications, etc…) • Detector resolution • Set-up & Irradiation parameters (beam features and inserted devices) • Set-up & Irradiation parameters (beam features and inserted devices) The goal of mammography is the early detection of breast cancer. A mammography image is an special kind of breast radiography. OPTIMIZATION RX IMAGING TECHNIQUES Hoja 2

  3. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Detector Colimator Object z X-ray source Measured Intensity Attenuation factor Mammography Image Quality Optimization CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY 2. 1st radiography 1895 CONTRAST SOURCE

  4. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 2 mm Conventional X-ray source (Mo-Ka ≈ 17 keV) Conventional X-ray source(Cu-Ka ≈ 8 keV) Mammography Image Quality Optimization CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY • CONTRAST SOURCE: • ABSORPTION • X-ray energy • Sample thickness • Sample composition 2.

  5. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization MONTE CARLO SIMULATION • CONTRAST SOURCE: • ABSORPTION • X-ray energy • Sample thickness • Sample composition 2. • Simulated images using Monte Carlo Techniques • Mathematical Processing to details detection

  6. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization MONTE CARLO SIMULATION Sample properties • Micro calcifications (details) • Calcium Carbonate • Calcium Oxalate • Breast size • 30mm • 50mm • 70mm • Breast tissue • 100% Glandular • 50% Glandular and 50 % Adipose • 100% Adipose 2.

  7. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization MONTE CARLO SIMULATION Irradiation parameters • X-Ray spectra (Mo anode) • Inserted devices • Anti-scatter grid 2.

  8. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization MATHEMATICAL PROCESSING Quality evaluation & details detection • Central axis profile C and SNR • Image segmentation • Edge filters • Correlation

  9. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization VIRTUAL IMAGE RESULTS Details Detec. & Quality Eval. • Central axis profiles Glandular 50-50 Adipose 34kV and 30mm * G. Tirao et al, Int. J. Low Radiation 7 (2010)

  10. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization VIRTUAL IMAGE RESULTS Details Detec. & Quality Eval. • Central axis profiles Calcium oxalate Calcium carbonate * G. Tirao et al, Int. J. Low Radiation 7 (2010)

  11. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization VIRTUAL IMAGE RESULTS Details Detec. & Quality Eval. • Central axis profiles 30mm 50mm 70mm * G. Tirao et al, Int. J. Low Radiation 7 (2010)

  12. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization VIRTUAL IMAGE RESULTS Details Detec. & Quality Eval. • Central axis profiles 24kV 34kV 40kV Breast absorbed dose [eV/(g*prim)] 92.17 123.54 136.27 * G. Tirao et al, Int. J. Low Radiation 7 (2010)

  13. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization VIRTUAL IMAGE RESULTS Details Detec. & Quality Eval. • Central axis profiles SNR value 9 5 8 6 1 7 3 2 4 * G. Tirao et al, Int. J. Low Radiation 7 (2010)

  14. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization VIRTUAL IMAGE RESULTS Details Detection • Image segmentation Tol1 Tol2 Tol3 * G. Tirao et al, Int. J. Low Radiation 7 (2010)

  15. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization VIRTUAL IMAGE RESULTS Details Detection • Image segmentation A B C Mammographic parameters: 100% glandular breast tissue with 30 mm thick and Mo 40 kV incident spectrum, calcium oxalate μCa composition. * G. Tirao et al, Int. J. Low Radiation 7 (2010)

  16. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization VIRTUAL IMAGE RESULTS Details Detection • Edge filters – Canny algorithm Different T1 and T2 thresholds 1- Smooth the image to eliminate noise. (Gaussian filter). 2- Find the image gradient to highlight regions with high spatial derivatives. 3- Nonmaximum suppression to become thinner the edge. 4- Reduces the gradient array by hysteresis to reduce the possibility of occurrence of false edge. T1 and T2 thresholds. 5- Close open boundary. (Deriche and Cocquerez algorithm). Mammographic parameters: 100% glandular breast tissue with 30 mm thick and Mo 40 kV incident spectrum, calcium oxalate μCa composition. * G. Tirao et al, Int. J. Low Radiation 7 (2010)

  17. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization VIRTUAL IMAGE RESULTS Details Detec. & Quality Eval. • Template Matching - Correlation Output Image Input Image Template Image Correlation Quality The matching process moves the template image to all possible positions in a larger source image and computes a numerical index that indicates how well the template matches the image in that position. * G. Tirao et al, Int. J. Low Radiation 7 (2010)

  18. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization SUMMARY • Sample properties • Breast size • Breast tissue • Calcification chemical composition • Irradiation parameters • Spectral spectrum composition • Harder spectrum generate better image quality • The dose grows meanwhile the quality increases • The application of a filter in the spectrum produce a lees dose • Mathematical Processing • Quality evaluation: Central axis profiles, Correlation • Details detection: Image segmentation, edge filters, Correlation •  Strong dependence •  Weak dependence •  Low dependence •  Strong dependence * G. Tirao et al, Int. J. Low Radiation 7 (2010)

  19. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization OPTIMIZATION RX IMAGING TECHNIQUES • Set-up & Irradiation parameters: X ray beam features Phase difference d Image acquisition techniques Attenuation CONTRAST SOURCE CONVENTIONAL UNCONVENTIONAL REFRACTION PHASE SCATTERING ABSORPTION object ABSORPTION

  20. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 • PROPAGATION WAVEFRONT CHANGES TRANSVERSE COHERENCE reflectividad • INTERFEROMETRY LONGITUDINAL & TRANSVERSE COHERENCE OPTICAL PATH DIFFERENCE monocromator detector • DIFFRACTOMETRY R2 detector monocromator X-Rays X-Rays sample sample X-Rays analyzer Mammography Image Quality Optimization UNCONVENTIONAL X RAY IMAGING TECHNIQUES LONGITUDINAL COHERENCE REFRACTION

  21. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 qe qR reflectividad qo qD qi detector • DIFFRACTOMETRY monocromator X-Rays sample analyzer Mammography Image Quality Optimization Imágenes de rayos X no convencionales para diagnóstico médico UNCONVENTIONAL X RAY IMAGING TECHNIQUES Ie IR Analyzer ID Io LONGITUDINAL COHERENCE Ii REFRACTION REFRACTION qR ≈ mrad * D. Chapman et al, Phys. Med. Biol. 42 (1997) DqD

  22. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization Imágenes de rayos X no convencionales para diagnóstico médico UNCONVENTIONAL X RAY IMAGING TECHNIQUES Nylon immersed in methanol in a) maximum b) low-side reflectivity curve of the analyzer crystal. Eo = 10 keV. LNLS

  23. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Dose: 0.8 mGy Dose: 0.5 mGy Conventional Mammography Unconventional Mammography DEI techniques Eo=17 keV Mammography Image Quality Optimization Imágenes de rayos X no convencionales para diagnóstico médico UNCONVENTIONAL X RAY IMAGING TECHNIQUES Perimeter: 259.2 m Energy: 2 / 2.4 GeV SYRMEP (Synchrotron Radiation for MEDicine Physics)

  24. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization Imágenes de rayos X no convencionales para diagnóstico médico UNCONVENTIONAL X RAY IMAGING TECHNIQUES • CONTRAST-ENHANCED DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY Dual Energy Subtraction Low Energy (24 - 32 keV) I K-edge (33.2 keV) High Energy (45 – 50 keV) 30 s Total X-ray dose delivered 20–50% higher * C. Dromain et al, Eur. J. Radiology 69 (2009)

  25. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization Imágenes de rayos X no convencionales para diagnóstico médico UNCONVENTIONAL X RAY IMAGING TECHNIQUES • CONTRAST-ENHANCED DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY Temporal subtraction technique High Energy (45 – 50 keV) - Light breast compression - Breast motion + Kinetic of tumor – Clasif. + Low radiation exposure * C. Dromain et al, Eur. J. Radiology 69 (2009)

  26. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization Imágenes de rayos X no convencionales para diagnóstico médico UNCONVENTIONAL X RAY IMAGING TECHNIQUES • CONTRAST-ENHANCED DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY Dual Energy Subtraction * C. Dromain et al, Eur. J. Radiology 69 (2009)

  27. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization Imágenes de rayos X no convencionales para diagnóstico médico UNCONVENTIONAL X RAY IMAGING TECHNIQUES • CONTRAST-ENHANCED DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY Temporal subtraction technique Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Kinetic curve of enhancement of breast lesion * C. Dromain et al, Eur. J. Radiology 69 (2009)

  28. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 Mammography Image Quality Optimization Imágenes de rayos X no convencionales para diagnóstico médico CONCLUSIONS OPTIMIZATION RX IMAGING TECHNIQUES • Set-up & Irradiation parameters: X ray beam features Image acquisition Simulated images by Monte Carlo Techniques Relevant parameters Mathematical Processing Contrast enhancement, quality, details det.

  29. Germán Tirao Grupo de Física Médica e Imágenes de Rayos X FaMAF – Universidad Nacional de Córdoba & CONICET Mammography Image Quality Optimization Thanks for your attention

  30. 2º Jornadas Física Médica en la Frontera. Temuco, Chile, Diciembre de 2010 • PROPAGATION WAVEFRONT CHANGES TRANSVERSE COHERENCE Aeration of the lungs of a newborn rabbit. (From left, fetus, after 12 breaths, then 1 hour). SPring 8, Japan (2005) R2 X-Rays sample Mammography Image Quality Optimization Imágenes de rayos X no convencionales para diagnóstico médico UNCONVENTIONAL X RAY IMAGING TECHNIQUES * S. W. Wilkins et al, Nature 384 (1996)

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