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FAA ASW Runway Safety Summit

FAA ASW Runway Safety Summit. Promoting Runway Safety The Pilot’s Perspective. First Officer Kent Lewis Human Factors Working Group Air Line Pilots Association, International April 22-23, 2008 Ft Worth, TX. FAA ASW Runway Safety Summit.

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FAA ASW Runway Safety Summit

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  1. FAA ASW Runway Safety Summit Promoting Runway SafetyThe Pilot’s Perspective First Officer Kent Lewis Human Factors Working Group Air Line Pilots Association, International April 22-23, 2008 Ft Worth, TX

  2. FAA ASW Runway Safety Summit Special thanks to:ALPA Engineering & Air SafetyPierre HugginsTerry McVenesShawn Pruchnicki

  3. Who Is ALPA? Represent 54,000 pilots at 41 Air Lines in North America IFALPA represents over 104,000 pilots at 90 member Associations Safety makes up a significant percentage of the operating budget Why? - “Schedule With Safety” been our motto for 76 years

  4. Looking for Ways to Better Manage Risks Before They Become Accidents

  5. ALPA Safety CommitteeProject Overview 178 Funded Projects Across 13 Technical Groups Plus 9 Accident Investigations

  6. Our RoadmapALPA Safety Committee Priorities

  7. 30 years ago… • The potential severity of runway incursions was fully realized • We also faced great risk of: • CFIT accidents • Windshear accidents • Mid-air collisions

  8. Threat: Controlled Flight Into Terrain

  9. Threat: Low Level Windshear

  10. Threat: Mid Air Collision

  11. Evaluating the Risk of Runway Incursions

  12. Runway Incursion Likelihood Two commuter aircraft, Quincy, IL, November 11, 1996.

  13. Runway Incursion Incidents in the US FAA and ICAO Data, 2003 - 2007

  14. Runway Incursion Severity Runway Incursion, B737 & Metro III Collision at LAX February 1, 1991

  15. Fatal Runway Incursion Accidents in the US, 1990 - 2007 • 1990 Atlanta, GA: B727 / Beech A100 • 1990 Detroit, MI: DC9 / B727 • 1991 Los Angeles, CA: B737 / SW4 • 1994 St. Louis, MO: DC9 / C441 • 1996 Quincy, IL: Beech 1900 / Beech A90 • 2000 Sarasota, FL: C172 / C152 • 2006 Lexington, KY: CRJ 100 112 Fatalities

  16. Runway Incursion Incidents in the US May – September 2007 San Francisco: E-170 / E-120….....…..35 feet (est) Teterboro: P180 / SR22 ...…50 feet (max braking) Fort Lauderdale: A320 / B757….…...…..…230 feet New York: CRJ-100 / B737….…...….……..650 feet Teterboro: LJ45 / CL60…………....…...…1200 feet Los Angeles: B737 / A320 ……….………….37 feet Washington: LR-35……………...... Closed runway 792 Crew and Passengers

  17. Conclusion: Runway Incursion Risk is Unacceptable

  18. Runway Incursion Mitigations • We cannot change the potential severity of an incursion • We can reduce the likelihood of an incursion through layers of mitigations • CAST recommendations made in 2002 to reduce frequency of incursions • Most not yet fully implemented

  19. Highly Effective Mitigations: • Aircraft Moving Map • Add traffic to display • Runway occupancy advisories • Graphical/text of taxi and clearance limits • ASDE-X All great “high tech” solutions

  20. Don’t Judge a Book…

  21. “Modern” Airliner Flight Deck with Steam Gauges

  22. … By It’s Cover!

  23. Flight Deck of Small General Aviation Aircraft

  24. Intelligent Design Many airports have exceeded their design capacity and were engineered for a different generation of aircraft.

  25. Hotspots The challenge is to design Airports that Do Not Require Hotspots!

  26. End-around Taxiway A better design at DTW

  27. Atlanta End Around Taxiway

  28. Low Tech Solutions Enhanced Runway Markings Runway Status Lights Enhanced Airport Lighting Program PAINT and LIGHTS

  29. Can You See Me Now? After Before Graphics not to scale

  30. ContrastContrast Contrast

  31. Taxiway Centerline Enhancement

  32. Enhanced Complex Intersection

  33. NOTAMSHas the time come to start over? • Technology exists to deliver a better product • Are they Intuitive? • Are they as effective at communicating critical information as we would like? • A “real challenge” for future growth

  34. Training, SOPs, & Education Screen Capture from ALPA Web Site www.alpa.org

  35. Investigation • Beyond Probable Cause…”Probability” of Cause, maybe? • We know Who did What. • Why did system not support expert operators? • System must be resilient to random errors made by expert operators.

  36. SHEL ModelWe are the Liveware in the middle, surrounded by a system or “SHEL”

  37. S = SoftwareTransfer of information between the human and supporting systems • Philosophy • Policy • Procedures • Checklists • Publications • Regulatory requirements • Information systems

  38. H = HardwarePhysical and mental interactions between the person and machine or equipment • Systems management • Autoflight, Powerplants, Air conditioning, Pressurization, Flight Controls, aircraft configuration, Com/Nav/Ident radio(s) • Information displays • Flight, nav, weather, traffic, performance • Flight deck design and limitations • Restricted vision • Synthetic vision

  39. E = EnvironmentInternalFactorsExternalFactors • Personal comfort • Temperature • Glare • Noise • Day/night • Visibility • Weather • Lights • Signs • Markings • Runway condition

  40. L = LivewareThe nature of humans (physiology) and interactions between humans (psychology). • Voice communications • Phraseology • Speech content/rate • Language barriers • Read & hear back • Crew briefings • Crew interactions • Labor relations • Non-verbal cues

  41. General health Nutrition Visual detection and acuity Stress Fatigue level Arousal level Physiological

  42. Knowledge (including training) Attitude Personality Situational Assessment Concurrent task management Prospective memory Psychological • Mental capabilities • Perceptions • Information processing • Attention span • Workload • Motivation • Time compressed decision making

  43. SHEL ModelThe interface or edge between each component of the system is not clean and smooth, but rather jagged and fuzzy. This is another area where hazard and error exist.

  44. Safety Improvements Wanted Require all runways crossings be authorized only by a specific clearance. A-00-67 Require runway crossing clearances be issued only after the previous runway has been crossed. A-00-68 Runway Incursions

  45. ALPA White Paper on Runway Incursions WWW.ALPA.ORG

  46. AMM with own-ship displayRWSLTHLEnhanced airport markingsPerimeter taxiwaysImprove SOP for aircraft ground opsImprove ATC ground movement trainingProvide ATC with better technologyImprove automation and visual aids at airports Priority Action Items

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