The Road to World War One

1. The Road to World War One http://youtu.be/qq8A_8gUc3Y

2. World War One • Many factors contributed to the outbreak of WW1 • Nationalism: a strong sense of pride and loyalty to one’s nation or culture, created tension between nations • Austria-Hungary included people from many cultural groups • Slavic nationalists wanted to break away from Austria-Hungary and join the independent Salvic country of Serbia

3. Imperialism • Nations competed for control of territories both in Europe and overseas • Germany took the Alsace-Lorraine region from France in 1871, and France wanted it back

4. Militarism • Nations focused resources on militarism, the aggressive strengthening of armed forces • Race to build armies and navies • Made alliances to protect themselves

5. The Great Powers

6. The great powers In 1914, Europe was dominated by Germany, Britain, France, Russia and Austria-Hungary Britain and France had large overseas Empires Germany had grown in strength and ambition Alliances were formed to prevent war (Triple Alliance, & Triple Entente) Prussia (Germany) had defeated France in 1870 and feared revenge from France. France feared a further attack by a stronger Germany

7. Why was Colonial Rivalry Significant? • Germany was jealous of France and especially Great Britain. • Colonial rivalry heightened tension between the Great Powers in Europe. Most of the world had been discovered by 1900 – Germany would have to fight other Great Powers if it wanted more land. • Germany wanted her “place in the sun” – this heightened tension with Great Britain and France. • It made it inevitable that any future war between the Great Powers would become a world conflict.

8. The road to war Rivalry between Germany & France Growing rivalry between Britain and Germany Attitude of Kaiser Wilhelm I Rivalry between industrial powers Naval arms race Serbian Independence Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Sarajevo, 28th June

9. Britain Russia Strong navy, vast manpower to draw on from colonies Wanted to help A-H obtain the Balkans Germany The Balkans Vast quantity of colonies Hatred of Germany following Franco-Prussian War 1870/71 Wanted the Balkans Austria-Hungary France

10. The spark that lit the fuse…. Assassination of an Austrian Archduke by a Serbian Austria demanded Serbia take responsibility Declared war on Serbia on 28 July Serbia called on Russia for help. Russians moved their armies to face the Austrians (31st July) Germany saw this as a threat to Austria and declared war on Russia (1st August) France prepared to help its ally, Russia Germany declared war on France (3rd August)

11. Germany Attacks Belgium, 4 August 1914

12. Armies of 1914 What can we see in these pictures? What do you think these men are thinking/feeling?

13. Pulled into Fighting Allied Powers Central Powers Austria-Hungary German, an ally of Austria-Hungary • Russia, an ally of Serbia • France, and ally of Russia • Belgium, brought into the fighting because Germany marched through it to get to France • Great Britain, an ally of Belgium

15. Early Battles

16. Technology of War • Trench warfare: fighting from deep ditches, made the war long an deadly • Cold, wet, and muddy • Disease ran rampant • Machine guns • Poison gas • Tanks • Page 722-723

17. Technology of War • Air • Airplanes use in large scale battle for the first time • Fired down on soldiers in the trenches • Gathered information on enemy locations • Battled each other in the air in “dogfights” • Sea • Used naval blockades and mines to block supply lines • U-Boats, German submarines, launched torpedoes against Allied supply ships • http://youtu.be/SUCaqptNqKM

18. Preparing for War • U.S. was initially neutral • We viewed WWI as a European conflict • We continued to trade with EU nations • Carried supplies and war materials to the Allies • Germany used U-boats to try to stop the supply lines • Often attacked without warning http://youtu.be/9G8iU1KOjsg

19. Germans attack American vessels • March 1916: U-boat attacks French passenger ship the Sussex • President Wilson and America were angry • Germans pledged not to attack without warning • A year later, Germans began attacking without warning • Wilson responds by breaking off diplomatic relations with Germany

20. Congress Declares War • March 1917: the Zimmerman note is decoded • German and Mexican plot to ally against the U.S. • April 1917: Congress declares war on Germany • http://youtu.be/0RDB0JYWyKI

21. America Prepares for War • Committee on public information is formed to help persuade the public to support the war • Rallies • Parades • Posters • Pamphlets • Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917and the Sedition Act of 1918 • Restricted free speech and allowed the gov’t to arrest opponents of the war

23. Troops • 1917: Selective Service Act required men between 21-30 to register for the draft • Almost 3 million Americans were drafted • Liberty Bonds were issued to help finance the war effort • War Industries Board and Food Administration worked to supply the troops with materials and food supplies

24. Labor Shortages • Three factors led to shortages of labor in the U.S. • Factories were working non-stop to supply the war effort and factories needed more workers • The war almost completely cut off immigration • Many young men were off fighting in Europe

25. Women’s War Efforts • 1 million women joined the workforce • About 25,000 volunteered to serve in non-combat positions in Europe • Other women protested America’s participation in the war

26. Labor and the War • Mexican Americans and African Americans moved to northern industrial cities for job opportunities • Union membership increased • Workers were able to demand higher wages • National War Labor Board: help management and workers reach agreements • Settled more than 1000 labor disputes • Worked to prevent strikes

27. A popular war….

30. You’re recruiting! TASK: To design a recruitment poster to encourage men of your country to go to war. Write a paragraph explaining your poster Things to Think About: Pictures are better than words Who are you appealing to? Why should we fight? Who are the enemy? In 1914, there was huge support for the war. “Over by Christmas” “Good v Evil” “King & Country”

31. Christmas Truce of 1914 • http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/christmas-truce-of-1914/videos/the-christmas-truce • http://youtu.be/s9coPzDx6tA

32. Americans Join the War • 1917: U.S. troops arrive – Separate from other Allied units • Called the American Expeditionary Force • Led by General John J. Pershing • Thoroughly trained for combat • Regular army, volunteers, draftees, Nat’l guard

33. Russia Leaves the War • 1917: Bolsheviks overthrow the Russian gov’t • Communists: People who favor the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property

34. New Government • Led by Vladimir Lenin • Knew the war had reached a desperate point • 8 million Russians had been killed • Soldiers were deserting • Food riots raged in cities • March 1918: Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers taking it out of the war

35. Americans help the Allies • Russia out—Germany planned to smash the stalemate • Germans were unprepared for the fresh, well trained American forces • 1918: Germans attempt to cross the Marne • Terrible losses forced them to stop • American forces helped to turn the tide in the war

36. Armistice • More than 1 million American troops in France • Began winning victories against Germany • November 1918: Americans advancing toward Germany • Germans were tired of the war • Food shortages • Riots and strikes • Shortage of soldiers

37. Germany Defeated • Germany’s allies eager to end the war • Austria-Hungary reaches a peace accord with the Allies in Nov. 1918 • German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II flees • November 11, 1918: Germany agrees to an armistice or truce

38. Costs of War • Allies: 5 million dead • 116,000 American’s dead, 200,000 wounded • Central Powers: 3.5 million dead • Russia and Germany had the highest death tolls

39. Financial Losses • 30 billion in property destroyed • Factories and farms throughout Europe ruined • Allies: spent 145 billion • Central Powers: 63 billion • Result: European nations deeply in debt

40. Influenza Epidemic • 1918: spread by American Soldiers – worldwide • Contagious, deadly, spread by air, no cure • 30 million people died • 800,000 American’s died • Changed life in the U.S. • Quarantines were implemented in some states • Many cities banned public gatherings, including schools • http://youtu.be/rbYwNOcKqqc

41. Peace • Woodrow Wilson develops plans for a post war peace agreement • Known as the Fourteen Points • Called for the creation of a League of Nations • European leaders wanted to punish Germany • Wanted to prevent Germany from ever again becoming a world power

43. Key Goals of the Fourteen Points • End secret alliances • Encourage free shipping • Remove barriers to trade • Reduce armies and navies • Resolve colonial claims • Support the right of people to choose their own government • Settle boarder disputes • Establish the League of Nations

44. Treaty of Versailles • American and European leaders meet outside of Paris at the Palace of Versailles • No representatives from Russia or the Central Powers • Allied leaders demand that Germany • Accept blame for the war • Make reparations or payments for war damages • Give up large parts of its territory • http://youtu.be/gKzZ1OwPXgk

47. Senate Rejects the Treaty of Versailles • U.S. Constitution says that treaties must be ratified by 2/3 of the Senate • Lots of the usual party bickering • Senator Lodge wanted the winners to set the terms of the treaty • Republicans were worried about the League of Nations power • U.S. signs separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary