第 20 讲

1. 第20讲 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句

2. 句子是最高层次的语法单位，也是人们进行交际时所用的最基本语言单位。句子是最高层次的语法单位，也是人们进行交际时所用的最基本语言单位。 句子按其交际功能分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四大类。

3. 1、陈述句 陈述句的交际功能主要是说明事实，肯定什么或者否定什么，因此，这种句子主要分为两大类：肯定陈述句和否定陈述句。 1）肯定陈述句 陈述句在肯定事实时可以采用不同程度的肯定口气。在肯定某项事实时往往采用一些表示婉转的词语，使说话人所表示的态度或看法显得不是那样生硬，以达到更有礼貌，说话留有余地的目的。

4. 表示婉转口气的词语常见的有： I’m afraid, if I’m not mistaken, I think, I suppose, I guess, I suspect, if I might say so, if you please, if you don’t mind

5. Teaching 16 hours a week, I’m afraid, is too much for me. We have met before, if I’m not mistaken.

6. 有时，为了交际的需要，必须加强肯定的语气。比较普通的一种强调手段是增加强调词，常用的强调词有：有时，为了交际的需要，必须加强肯定的语气。比较普通的一种强调手段是增加强调词，常用的强调词有： indeed, really, definitely, certainly, for sure, without any question, without doubt, undoubtedly, virtually, surely, actually等。

7. Many people will certainly lose their jobs. Without any question, his new novel will be the best seller for 2010. 还有其他的一些强调方式： 增添“强调附加结构” That was a trap（圈套），that was. You’ve gone mad, you have.

8. 采用“双重否定” That kind of result is not impossible (= quite possible). She went to that place not infrequently (= quite frequently).

9. 采用“修辞疑问句” 这种句子形式上为疑问句而实际为陈述句的强调句式，这就是修辞疑问句。 这种句式与肯定陈述句的主要对应关系是，它的否定形式相当于受强调的肯定陈述句。 Isn’t it lovely weather today? = The weather is very lovely indeed. Who doesn’t know that? = Everybody knows that.

10. 修辞疑问句的肯定形式相当于受强调的否定陈述句。修辞疑问句的肯定形式相当于受强调的否定陈述句。 Who cares where you slept? = Nobody cares where you slept. Can anyone doubt the truth of his statement? = Surely no one will doubt it.

11. 用语音手段（即重读操作词）来加强肯定的口气。用语音手段（即重读操作词）来加强肯定的口气。 操作词在句中一般不要重读，如果重读便会起强调作用。 I am telling you the truth --- you must believe me. You need not lie to me. You did go to that place and many people saw you there.

12. 2）否定陈述句 否定陈述句主要用来表示句子的否定意向或提出对比，分为带否定词not的否定句和带其他否定词的否定句。 否定陈述句通常带否定词not，置于操作词之后和主动词之前。 This material does not conduct electricity. I have not yet finished my essay.

13. “操作词+not”的缩略式有两种： 一种是“主语+操作词的缩略形式+not”; 另一种是“操作词+not的缩略式n’ t”。 We’renot hungry. We aren’t hungry. They’venot finished yet. They haven’t finished yet. He’dnot do it. He wouldn’t do it.

14. 上述句中的not是用来否定谓语动词的，从而否定句。但是not也可用来否定句中的其他词语，仅表示局部否定，而不构成否定句。上述句中的not是用来否定谓语动词的，从而否定句。但是not也可用来否定句中的其他词语，仅表示局部否定，而不构成否定句。 I should have presented her not a gold ring but something else. He said it not to you but to me. He visited her not long ago. He wrote a not very successful book.

15. The government decided not to take such an action. You are wrong in not making a protest. 局部否定出现在句首有时也会构成否定句。 Not very often did she go there to see him. = She did not go there to see him very often.

16. 除not以外还可以使用其他否定词构成否定句。 No honest man would lie. He is no longer there. I never smoke. I did nothing to be ashamed of. She saw neither of the twin brothers. None of the books are available.

17. It will get you nowhere（那会使你徒劳无功）. I am none the better（并不见好）for the medicine I’ve taken. 以上的否定句都有与之对应的带not的否定句。 No honest man would lie. = An honest man would not lie. He is no longer there. =He is not there any longer.

18. 为了加强否定句的含义可将否定成分从其正常位置移至句首并引起倒装。为了加强否定句的含义可将否定成分从其正常位置移至句首并引起倒装。 On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals. Never have I smoked a cigarette. Not a moment should I waste. At no time was the entrance left unguarded.

19. 也可以用“not one/not a (single)+单数可数名词”来加强否定的作用。 Not one door was left unlocked. Not a word came from her lips. Not a single sound was heard.

20. 也可以用某些固定搭配来加强否定： I didn’t sleep a wink all night. He won’t lift/raise/stir a finger to help us. We didn’t see a soul there. They were so frightened that they did not move a muscle.

21. 也可以重复否定词never或者用never in (all) my life等结构来实现强调否定： I shall never, never go there again. I’ve never in my life heard of such a thing.

22. 为了强调还可在never之后加助动词do的一定形式：为了强调还可在never之后加助动词do的一定形式： I neverdid like her, you know. The letter we were expecting neverdid arrive. 加强否定意义的特殊结构： You won’t catch me doing that again. I’llhanged if I’ll do any such thing.

23. 2.疑问句 疑问句可分为： 一般疑问句 特殊疑问句 选择疑问句 附加疑问句（反意疑问句）

24. 1）一般疑问句 一般疑问句常用来询问一件事情或一个情况是否属实，通常用yes或no作回答，或用相当于yes-no的词语。 在一般疑问句中，如果提问人没有肯定或否定的意向，回答可用yes,或用no, 句子中常用非肯定词。 Is there anything wrong with the machine?

25. Have you any objections to my coming too? Has my watch been mended yet? Does this medicine work at all?

26. 如果提问人对于答案带有肯定的意向，即期待肯定的回答时，则在该用非肯定词的地方用肯定词。如果提问人对于答案带有肯定的意向，即期待肯定的回答时，则在该用非肯定词的地方用肯定词。 Have you already finished your work? Is there something wrong with the machine? Did someone phone last night? Do you always buy as much as this?

27. 在招待客人或向人表示乐意提供某种帮助时，通常在一般疑问句中用肯定词。在招待客人或向人表示乐意提供某种帮助时，通常在一般疑问句中用肯定词。 Would you like some more soup? May I make you some coffee? 一般疑问句的否定式： Haven’t you finished your homework yet?（非正式语体） Have you not finished your homework yet?（正式语体）

28. 一般疑问句的缩略式否定形式在表示上述意义时通常用非肯定词，如果用了肯定词，那就表示提问人对答案的肯定意向。一般疑问句的缩略式否定形式在表示上述意义时通常用非肯定词，如果用了肯定词，那就表示提问人对答案的肯定意向。 Haven’t you heard from him already? 你不是已经接到他的信了吗？ Don’t you always go to work at eight? 你不是经常八点钟上班吗？

29. 一般疑问句的缩略式还可表示对美好事物的赞叹。一般疑问句的缩略式还可表示对美好事物的赞叹。 Isn’t it a beautiful lake? 这湖多美啊！ The lake is very beautiful indeed. Isn’t your daughter an intelligent girl? 你女儿真聪明！ Your daughter is really an intelligent girl.

30. 2）特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句是就句中某一特殊部分提出疑问的问句。通常以who, whose, what, which, where, when, why, how等疑问词开头，因此又叫 “wh-问句”.(Wh-question)。

31. 特殊疑问句分为正常词序和倒装词序两种结构。特殊疑问句分为正常词序和倒装词序两种结构。 正常词序的特殊疑问句： Who phoned last night? Whose lighter fell on the floor? Which cork doesn’t fit? What happened last night?

32. 倒装词序的特殊疑问句： Who are you talking about? What does your brother do? Where is he living? When did they leave? Why did he arrive so late? How far is it from here?

33. 特殊疑问句也有它的强调形式，常用以表示惊讶、愤怒等感情。第一种强调方法是在疑问词后面加ever.特殊疑问句也有它的强调形式，常用以表示惊讶、愤怒等感情。第一种强调方法是在疑问词后面加ever. Who ever broke the window? Why ever didn’t you tell me you’d been ill?

34. 另一种强调方法是在疑问句后面加添表示惊讶、诅咒的词语。另一种强调方法是在疑问句后面加添表示惊讶、诅咒的词语。 What on earth could it mean? Why on earth did you break it off? What the devil is happening over there? What in the world is the matter with you?

35. What the hell do you want? Where the devil did I put my pen? How the goodness did you manage to do that? What in heaven’s name does he think he is doing?

36. 3）选择疑问句 选择疑问句是说话人对问题提出两个或两个以上的答案供对方选择的疑问句。 选择疑问句不能用是或否来回答。 选择疑问句有两种形式： （1）一般疑问句+or…？ Do you like Englishor Chinese? I like English. I like Chinese.

37. I like both. I like neither. Are you going to Americaorto France tomorrow? I am going to America tomorrow. Shall I give you a hand, or can you manage? Would you rather waitorcome later?

38. Shall I give you a gin, or a whisky, or a beer? （2）特殊疑问句 A or B？ Which subject do you like better, tea or coffee? I like tea. I like coffee. I like both. I like neither.

39. Which subject do you like best, Chinese, mathsorEnglish? What is this, ignorance or malice? Or both? How shall we go there? By busorby train? Which Jones do you mean, Jones the bankerorJones the postman?

40. 4）反意疑问句 反意疑问句可以表示真实的疑问，也可以表示说话者的某种倾向、强调或反问。 公式：陈述句+一般疑问句的一部分 具体为： （1）肯定陈述句+否定疑问句 （2）否定陈述句+肯定疑问句

41. （1）陈述句谓语动词为have的反意疑问句 a.当have作“有”解的时候，可以有两种形式 He hasn’t any sisters, has he? He doesn’t have any sister, does he? She doesn’t have a lot of money to spare, does she?

42. b. 当have作“经历，遭受，得到，吃”等解时，疑问句部分只用do的适当形式 You all had a good time, didn’t you? He often has colds, doesn’t he? They had milk and bread for breakfast, didn’t they?

43. c. 当陈述句谓语动词含有have to, had to时，疑问部分用do的适当形式 We have to get there at 8 tomorrow, don’t we? They had to take the early train, didn’t they?

44. （2）其他类型的反意疑问句 1.当陈述句谓语动词为系动词、助动词、情态动词时，疑问部分要重复这些动词 He is a teacher, isn’t he? There won’t be any concert this Saturday evening, will there? You can solve the problem, can’t you? I am very busy, aren’t (或ain’t) I?

45. b. need和dare既可以用作情态动词，又可以用作行为动词，要注意它们在反意疑问句中的区别 You needn’t hand in your paper, need you? He doesn’t need to go there, does he? He dare do it, daren’t he? He doesn’t dare to ask the teacher, does he?

46. c. 当陈述句谓语部分有used to时，疑问部分常有两种形式 He used to get up early, usedn’t he? He used to get up early, didn’t he? There used to be a peach tree in the garden, wasn’t there? 如果是there used to be…句型，反意疑问句用wasn’t (weren’t) there.

47. d. 谓语部分含有had better, would rather, would like, ought to的陈述句的反意疑问句形式 You’d better go now, hadn’t you? You’d rather go there early, wouldn’t you? He’d like to go, wouldn’t he? She ought to go by plane, shouldn’t she?(或oughtn’t she?)

48. e. 当陈述句中的谓语动词是表示愿望的wish时，反意疑问句的谓语要用may，而且前后两个部分均用肯定式 I wish to go home now, may I? I wish not to be disturbed in my work, may I?

49. f. 当陈述句中的主语为this, that, everything, anything, something, nothing等时，反意疑问句的主语用it Everything is all right, isn’t it? Nothing can stop us now, can it?

50. g. 当陈述句的主语为anybody, anyone, everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, these, those等时，反意疑问句中的主语用 they. Everyone knows the answer, don’t they? Nobody says a word about the incident, do they? No one wants to go, do they? Everybody has arrived, haven’t they?