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Islamic Worldview and Its Implications on Banking and Finance

Islamic Worldview and Its Implications on Banking and Finance. بِسْمِ اللَّـهِ الرَّحْمَـٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ أُمَّةٌ يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الْخَيْرِ وَيَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ سورة آل عمران- آیه 104 . عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ ۚ وَأُولَـٰئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ.

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Islamic Worldview and Its Implications on Banking and Finance

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  1. Islamic Worldview and Its Implications on Banking and Finance

  2. بِسْمِ اللَّـهِ الرَّحْمَـٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ أُمَّةٌ يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الْخَيْرِ وَيَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ سورة آل عمران- آیه 104. عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ ۚ وَأُولَـٰئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ

  3. The Foundation for Islamic Finance And let there be [arising] from you a nation inviting to [all that is] good, enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong, and those will be the successful. (Qura’an, Al Imran. 3:104).

  4. Islamic Worldview and Islamic Finance Islamic worldview has significant influence on all aspects of Muslims’ life (Islam is ad-deen) Allah describes people who attain success as those who are “inviting to all that is good (khayr), enjoining what is right (ma’ruf) and forbidding what is wrong (munkar) (Qura’an, Al Imran. 3:104).

  5. What is Worldview? • Vision of reality and truth that appears before one’s mind eye, revealing what existence is all about • Governs way people interpret the world • Schumpeter (1954): Analytic effort is of necessity preceded by a pre-analytic cognitive act, called vision • Acikgene (1994): Nature of human mind perceives problem within a scheme of constructive unity • J. S. Mill (1836): Political economy, therefore, reasons from assumed premises • Why can’t Muslims rely on conventional worldview? No human endeavor is value free FOUNDATION OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS

  6. Islamic Worldview • Centered on principle of Tawhid or unity of God • Al-Attas (1978) : “Ru’yat al-Islam Lilwujud” or “The View of Islam About Existence”: • -Man, his aim in life, the universe, way he interacts are all inter-relate • -Man’s behavior governed by rules of Quran and Sunnah • -Pursue material gain with a view that existence in this world and hereafter • -Emphasize the importance of hereafter FOUNDATION OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS

  7. ISLAMIC VS WESTERN WORLDVIEWS • Islamic worldview based on Islam and its sources of knowledge • A complete worldview at time of revelation • -fundamental concepts in Quran are not open for changes in meaning • Based on revelation; flexible but not replaceable • Does Islamic worldview different from conventional worldview? • Since factors affecting worldviews differ, it is natural to also have different worldviews • Different theories to explain human behaviour • Western: scientific worldview, purely relies on human thinking/logic

  8. ISLAM IS AD-DIN • Meaning of Islam • Al-Silm means to surrender, to submit; Salam means peace • Achieve peace by submitting/surrendering oneself to Allah • Term “din” used to denote “religion” in Qur’an • Comes from root word “dana” mentioned 92 times in Qur’an • Meaning debt, obedience, judgment / way / custom; inter-connected to explain “religion” • Islam is a way of life • Not limited to rituals/faith • Detailed code of conduct • Willing and conscious submission to Allah in all aspects of life • Economics and its related activities are potentially Ibadah or acts of worship

  9. ISLAM IS AD-DIN • Al-Attas (1978) on relationship between din, Islamic worldview and implications on ethics and morality: • Indebtedness, submissiveness, judicious power, natural inclination • Man is indebted to God for his existence • Man submits himself willingly and consciously to God • Man given the judicious power (aql) that enables him to make decisions • Man born with a natural inclination (fitrah) to submit to God; remembers covenant • Based on revealed knowledge, man uses his intellect to organize life on earth: Intention and action according to shari’ah FOUNDATION OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS

  10. ISLAM IS AD-DIN • Islam as a complete religion, guides a person’s life in all aspect, moral, social, ethical, economics and political • God entrusted man with wealth as vicegerent (khalifah) on this earth • As a khalifiah, man acts as a trustee to God in carrying out his duties fairly towards human being and society following the means permissible by the Shariah • God has also entrusted man as a custodian of wealth. In order for him to carry out his duties and obligations materially, he has been given the right of possession

  11. Al-Islam Al-Shari’ah Al-Aqidah (Belief) Al-Akhlaq (Behaviour) Al-Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

  12. 2. Islamic Economic Methodology

  13. Developing Islamic Economics • Islamic economic and financial disciplines are being developed based on the Islamic economic methodology • -Derive accepted criteria from Islamic worldview • -Judge economic theory from Islamic perspective • -Conduct economic enquiries within Islamic framework • -Reduce/eliminate reliance on western methodology • Methodology discusses • -Process of building models • -Developing theories: validate existing theory or build a new one • -Testing hypothesis • -Establishing and using criteria to evaluate our process • How do we know that our models, theories and hypotheses are correct and on what authority do we say so

  14. CHANNELS OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE • Primary sources: Divine sources • Revelation – the Holy Quran • Sunnah of the Prophet (saw) • یا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَطِيعُوا اللَّـهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ وَأُولِي الْأَمْرِ مِنكُمْ ۖ فَإِن تَنَازَعْتُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ فَرُدُّوهُ إِلَى اللَّـهِ وَالرَّسُولِ إِن كُنتُمْ تُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّـهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ خَيْرٌ وَأَحْسَنُ تَأْوِيلًا . (سورة النساء-آیه 59) • “O believers, obey Allah and obey the Prophet and those of you who are in authority. Then if you have a dispute concerning any matter, refer it to Allah and the Prophet if you are the believers in Allah and the Last Day”

  15. Secondary sources: Human sources • Ijtihad: interpretation/opinion of scholars: can be reviewed –ijma consensus • Sound senses: perception through five senses; observation • Sound reason and intuition: intellect/ ’aql, sound reasoning connected to heart/ qalb /intuition or spiritual heart and intuition

  16. ISLAMIC ECONOMIC METHODOLOGY • The Quran as guidance in the process of developing Islamic economics and finance • This entails a process of deriving answers based on the sources of Islam Islamic Worldview Islamic Economic Vision Islamic Economic Theory

  17. ISLAMIC ECONOMIC METHODOLOGY Islamic Worldview Islamic Economic Vision Islamic Economic Theory Examples Based on the Islamic worldview which emphasizes the concept of brotherhood in Islam  economic equitability  just society distributive justice how zakat can be used in macroeconomic management Islamic banking and finance?

  18. SHARI’AH AND ISLAMIC FINANCE

  19. Islam & Al-Shari’ah • Shari’ah is guidance in all aspects of Muslim’s life • Private and public • Individual and social • Spiritual and material • Political, economics and finance

  20. Shariah and Islamic Finance Two concepts have important influence on : Tawhidic paradigm Concept of vicegerency (Khalifah)

  21. 1. Tawhidic Paradigm • Islam means submitting to the Will of the One and Only God, Allah: concept of tawhid - belief in the oneness of God • Thus, every discussion of economics, business, ethics and morality is Islam must be of necessity, precede from the tawhidic dimensions • Tawhid provides the answer to the question on purpose of human existence on earth. Indeed, it is within this tawhidic paradigm that the vision, objectives and fundamental concept of Islam is rooted on • It presents a picture of the kind of people and society Islam aims to build • A manifestation of God-consciousness (taqwa)

  22. 1. Tawhidic Paradigm

  23. 2. Concept of Vicegerency • Human beings have been created by Allah as His servant and vicegerents, trustees and representatives on earth • Thus, objective of human life is to manage and develop the world in accordance with God’s plan, as enshrined by the Shariah, so as to gain goodness in this world and in the Hereafter • Harmonizes and integrates material well-being with moral-spiritual values • Man directly responsible and accountable to Allah for all his deeds.

  24. INTERPRETATION OF SHARI’AH ON ISLAMIC FINANCE • IBF includes justice, fairness and equal distribution of wealth which can be best achieved by means of profit and loss sharing rather than debt financing • Islamic financial principles share risk and rewards in wealth creation by means of profit and loss sharing • It promotes entrepreneurship and creativity in the economic cycle whereby individuals put their effort to generate economic activity • Differs from modern capitalism where profit maximization is the sole motive and bank is broadly content with earning interest for financial gain regardless of real economic activity and social benefits

  25. 3. Major Attributes of Islamic Economics and Islamic Economic System

  26. Basis for IES • In contrast to conventional economics, the Islamic approach to economics is holistic, offers integralistic spiritual view, which is based on the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah, providing a better alternative philosophical framework for man’s interaction with nature and his fellow men. • Many scholars have defined the activities of Islamic economics as follow: • “Islamic economics is the knowledge of the application of the injunctions and rules of the Shari’ah regarding acquisition and disposal of available resources for providing satisfaction to the individuals in order to enable them individually and collectively to perform their obligations to Allah and the society.”

  27. 1. PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS • CONVENTIONAL Economic System • Derived from theories developed by western scholars • Specific philosophical foundations • Concept of scarcity: nature is niggardly and human wants unlimited • Self-interest: priority to individual goals • Absolute freedom: survival of the fittest • Materialism and utilitarianism • Positivism (science) versus norms (religion)

  28. 1. PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS • ISLAMIC Economic System • Derived from Quran and Sunnah • Specific philosophical foundations • Tawhid: Accepting Allah as the only sovereign power • Ibadah: Any act must be within shari’ah boundaries to seek Allah’s pleasure • Khilafah: Vicegerency, man recognizes his duty as servant of God • Tazkiyyah: Process of economic activity must be seen as a process that purifies soul

  29. 2. OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES • ISLAMIC ES • Philosophical foundations to a set of operating principles • Specific operational principles • Adl/Ihsan: adl - giving what is due, Ihsan-giving more than what is due • Takaful/Taawun: cooperation, brotherhood • Responsibility/accountability: individual is responsible to society, but ultimately to Allah • Moderation: in consumption, production, distribution

  30. 3. GOALS • ISLAMIC ES • Value loaded, directed towards achieving maqasid al-shariah • Promoting virtues and preventing harm • To achieve public welfare (maslahah) • Socio-economic justice • Economic development

  31. ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM WV SUB-ST Political Economic Social Phil Op-P Goals • Tawhid • Ibadah • Khilafah • Tazkiyah • ‘Adl/Ihsan • Takaful • Resp’ty • Accnt’ty • S-E Justice • Econ Dev • Efficiency • Stability

  32. 4. ISLAMIC ECONOMICS AND FINANCE FOUNDATION OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS

  33. ISLAMIC ECONOMICS • From definition of Islamic economics • Find values/rules directly in the sources • If not directly available, then have to “derive” the meaning • Most economic applications will have to be derived • Need to understand Islamic worldview especially Islamic vision of economics • Islamic / shari’ah boundaries of economics and finance must be determined • Shari’ah must be interpreted and applied

  34. ECONOMICS AND ISLAMIC ECONOMICS • Economics: study of human behavior in relation to the use of scarce resource to fulfill unlimited wants • Economics is a field that deals with management of scarce resources (production, consumption and distribution) • Due to scarcity, we have to make choices • Man interacts with other human beings and nature to make these choices FOUNDATION OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS

  35. ISLAMIC ECONOMICS • Part of din • Economic activities based on the Islamic worldview • Make choices and decisions according to Islamic description, analysis, prescription • Production, consumption and distribution activities • Approach to and process of interpreting and solving man’s economic problems based on the values, norms, laws and institutions found in and derived from the sources of Islam FOUNDATION OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS

  36. Islam provides unique prescription for economic problems/issues • Definition: The social science which studies the economic problems of people while incorporating the values of Islam. • Main objective: To achieve falah (Success, happiness & well-being by conforming to Allah’s command) Islamic Economics

  37. ISLAMIC ECONOMICS • Major economic issues • Conventional economics • Unlimited wants • Limited resources • Achieving the highest utility • Islamic economics • Economic pursuit must be derived from Islamic worldview • Economic goals do not contradict the shari’ah • Shari’ah constraints to be observed in making choices • Resources are unlimited FOUNDATION OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS

  38. ISLAMIC FINANCE • To finance economic activity in an Islamic framework • Must have institutions using instrument according to rules and regulations which are all bound by the shari’ah • Observe basic prohibitions in business transaction: riba, gharar and maysir • Products involve must be halal • Profit must come from trading transactions FOUNDATION OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS

  39. Maqasid al-Shari’ah • Objectives and rationale of Shari’ah • Aims to protect all aspects and segments of life • Faith (ad-din), human self (nafs), intellect (‘aql), posterity/descendents/generations (nasl) and wealth (mal) • Many shari’ah texts clearly state reasoning behind certain shari’ah rulings • Preserve public interest (maslahah) • Implications to IBF • Purely financial goals (profit, growth, market share) are insufficient • Profit-sharing vs fixed-return techniques • Need to achieve the objectives of Islamic economics: incorporate spiritual well-being • distributive justice • cooperation • equitable access to economic resources

  40. Islamic Worldview and Islamic Finance • In the overall context of Islamic worldview, IBF is established to: • Requires financial activities which are consistent within shariah guidelines • follow ethical principles and aim to eradicate all kinds zulm (injustice) which are related to business activities and financial dealings • contribute significantly to the accomplishment of the socio-economic goals of Islam

  41. Implications on IF • The goals of the Maqasid al Shariah entail intense commitment of every individuals and organizations to justice, brotherhood and social wellbeing • This will inevitably lead to a society whereby every member will cooperate with each other and achieve the success in life for ultimate happiness • In the context of Islamic finance, this means the products offer by financial institutions should reflect ethical values, fairness and justice (Ahmad, 2009)

  42. Implications on IF The implications on Maqasid al Shariahin IF can be measured based on the extent to which the goals in promoting justice and fairness to individuals and society well being can being achieved. Have religious principles in the Quran and Sunnah of avoiding riba, ghahrarand maysirbe observed in product development and transactions between the customers and bank?  Has individual need been met fairly met? Is interest still being used in pricing the product? Has true knowledge (intellect ) being used to benefit human kind e.g. is the product being developed brings benefit to customers or banks?  What is the long term effect of developing the product? Does it benefit individual or further burden them? How is wealth being shared between the bank and customers? Is profit sharing being practiced or it is still based on time value of money?

  43. Important Caveat • Conventional knowledge should not be completely rejected • Common grounds or areas of conventional knowledge which are acceptable to Islam • Some general concepts can be adopted and amended • Economic growth • Efficiency • Productivity

  44. 4. Objectives of Banking and Finance: Conventional versus Islamic Perspectives

  45. Banking and Finance: A Comparative Analysis Objectives of banking and finance from conventional perspectives vs Islamic perspectives -Motivations to save and borrow -Bank-customer relationship -Overall objectives

  46. References Haron and Azmi (2009) Haneef (1997) Zaharuddin.net

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