Gender Inequality

1. Gender Inequality

2. Announcements • 1.Evaluations • 2. Quiz # 5 (Wednesday, December 3) • 3. Quiz # 6 is cancelled

3. Announcements

4. Announcements • Final Exam will be posted online on Friday • Due date for the Final exam is Monday (December, 8) • Review session on Friday?

5. Gender inequality • Gender inequality is the unequal and biased treatment between the two sexes in terms of wealth, income, and status

8. Gender roles • Gender is continuously created and re-created by all the social actions we perform daily • “Doing gender“ • Socially prescribed roles

9. Submissive Emotional Receptive Intuitive Passionate Caring Sensitive Cooperative Timid Weak Dominant Independent Rational Assertive Analytical Strong Brave Ambitious Active Competitive Gender Identity Traits

10. Gender as Master Status • Gender guides: • How females/males think about themselves • How they interact with others • What positions they occupy in society • Gender creates inequality

11. Of those who go to college how many receive a bachelor’s degree within 5 years?

13. Doctorates in Science, by Sex (Statistical Abstract, 2002)

14. Gender Differences in Professional Degrees

16. Expected Income

17. Expected income

18. Wage discrimination • Wage discrimination means that one group of people is paid less than another group of people when other characteristics of the group are the same • In the gendered case of wage discrimination, women are paid less as a group than men as a group are paid

20. Gender inequality circle • Jobs labeled "women's jobs" are not seen as avenues for advancement • Women response to such jobs by low commitment, few career ambitions • All that contributes to the view of women as suitable only for low-level jobs.

21. Pink-Collar Occupations • Pink-collar occupations-those that are predominantly female. • clerical workers, • retail sales workers, • sewers, • waitresses, • private household workers, • nurses, • and non-college teachers. • Women make up more than 70 percent of retail salespersons and of non-college teachers

22. Gender inequality • Despite more women moving into higher-ranking positions, pay between the sexes remains unequal

23. Inequality • There is also inequality between men and women in the opportunity for advancement in professions • Many professional women hit the glass ceiling, which prevents them from achieving upward mobility within an organization • Men in traditionally female jobs such as teaching find themselves riding the glass escalator to the top of the corporate ladder

24. Some of the facts • U.S. women do most of the household work and childrearing • Sexual harassment remains a common workplace hazard for women • Men still dominate U.S. political life

25. Why do gender inequalities exist? • Some argue that differences in human biology • Women have children • Less time for career

26. Functionalist approaches (Talcott Parsons) • Society as a system of interdependent parts • Family operates most efficiently with a clear- cut sexual division of labor • Females act in expressive roles • Males act in instrumental roles

27. Gender Roles (functionalism) • Expressive roles--providing care and security to children, offering children emotional support • Instrumental roles--being a breadwinner in the family • These two complement each other • Balance

28. The Conflict Perspective • Relationship between females and males has been one of unequal power • Men have dominant position over women • Preindustrial time: size, physical strength, freedom of childbearing duties made men more powerful

29. The Conflict Perspective • Contemporary society: physical strength is not important • Gender roles assign different qualities and behaviors • Similarity with Marx • Males are like bourgeoisie (control most of the society’s wealth, prestige, and power) • Females are like

30. The Interactionist Perspective • Interactionists argue that gender inequality persists because of the way we define men and women and their appropriate roles in society • Language helps perpetuate inequality