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Resources for An Open Task on Question Generation

Resources for An Open Task on Question Generation. Vasile Rus Eric Woolley, Mihai Lintean, and Arthur C. Graesser vrus@memphis.edu. Goal. Build a data set that could be used in an open QG task as well as in a more restrictive task. Outline. Open Tasks in Question Generation Motivation

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Resources for An Open Task on Question Generation

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  1. Resources for An Open Task on Question Generation Vasile Rus Eric Woolley, Mihai Lintean, and Arthur C. Graesser vrus@memphis.edu

  2. Goal Build a data set that could be used in an open QG task as well as in a more restrictive task.

  3. Outline • Open Tasks in Question Generation • Motivation • Data Collection • Identifying or creating a data source • Automatic Collection • Automatic Filtering • High-Quality Manual Filtering • Conclusions and Future Work

  4. Open Tasks in QG • Special case of Text-to-Question tasks • Text-to-Question tasks • Input: raw or annotated text • Output: questions for which the text contains, implies, or needs answers; everyreasonableor good question should be generated

  5. Open Tasks in QG • Open task: any, not necessarily every, good question is generated • the generation of questions is not restricted in any way, it is open • Open tasks may draw many participants

  6. Motivation • Wikipedia, Learning Environments, community Question Answering (cQA) are preferred domains for Question Generation • Based on a survey of participants in the 1st Question Generation workshop • 16 valid responses out of 18 submitted • Respondents were asked to rank the choices from 1 to 5 • 1 - most preferred

  7. Which of the following would you prefer as the primary content domain for a Question Generation shared task?

  8. QG from Wikipedia • Ideally: Open task on texts from Wikipedia • Reality check: it would be costly and difficult to run experiments to generate benchmark questions from Wikipedia • Pooling could be a way to avoid running such experiments

  9. QG from cQA • An approximation of QG from Wikipedia • Wikipedia and cQA are general/open knowledge repositories • cQA repositories have two advantages • Contain questions • Only one question per answer • Are big, i.e. there is a large pool of questions to select from (millions of question-answer pairs and growing)

  10. Open Task Data Collection • Identification or creation of data source • Automatic Collection of Question-Text pairs • Automatic Filtering • High-Quality Manual Filtering

  11. Data Identification or Creation • Source: Yahoo!Answers • Yahoo!Answers service • users can freely ask questions which are then answered by other users • The answers are rated over time by various users and the expectation is that the best answer will be ranked highest after a while

  12. Automatic Collection • Six types of questions • What, where, when, who (shallow) • How, why (deep) • Questions in Yahoo!Answers are categorized based on their topic • Allergies, Dogs, Garden & Landscape, Software, and Zoology • a number of 244 Yahoo categories were queried on all six types of questions

  13. Automatic Collection • A maximum of 150 questions was downloaded per each category and question type, resulting in a total of maximum 150*244*6 = 219.600 number of candidate questions to be collected

  14. Automatic Filtering • Criteria • Length: number of words in a given question should be 3 or more • What is X? • Bad content: e.g. sexual explicit words • 55% reduction in the dataset

  15. Manual Filtering • Goal: high-quality dataset • A tool was developed to help 3 human raters with the selection of good questions • It takes about 10 hours to select 100 good questions

  16. Manual Filtering • Only 10% of the rated questions are retained by humans • Retaining rate can be as low as 2% for some categories in Y!A, e.g., Camcorders, and question types, e.g., when • When I transfer footage from my video camera to my computer why can't I get sound? • 500 question-answer pairs

  17. Manual Filtering • The question is a compound question • How long has the computer mouse been around, and who is credited with its invention? • The question is not in interrogative form • I want a webcam and headset etc to chat to my friends who moved away? • Poor grammar or spelling • Yo peeps who kno about comps take a look?

  18. Manual Filtering • The question does not solicit a reasonable answer for our purposes • Who knows something about digital cameras? • The question is ill-posed • When did the ancient city of Mesopotamia flourish? • the answer is Mesopotamia wasn't a city.

  19. Conclusions and Future Work • Collect more valid instances • Better validation of collected questions • Annotating answers with deep representations

  20. Conclusions and Future Work • collecting data from community Question Answering sources is more challenging than it seems • collecting Q-A pairs from sources of general interest such as Wikipedia through target experiments with human subjects may be a comparable rather than a much costlier effort

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