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Tools for Cataloging: Understanding AACR2, RDA, and MARC Standards for Libraries

This document provides an overview of key cataloging standards including AACR2, RDA, and MARC, essential for effective resource description and access. It discusses the evolution of bibliographic standards from ISBD and FRBR to contemporary practices, highlighting strengths and limitations. It addresses how RDA aims to simplify cataloging principles for diverse media in a networked environment. Insights into the development process of RDA and its relationship with MARC standards are also covered, making this an invaluable resource for librarians and information professionals.

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Tools for Cataloging: Understanding AACR2, RDA, and MARC Standards for Libraries

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  1. The Tools of our Trade: AACR2/RDA and MARC Ann Chapman Policy & Advice Team UKOLN is supported by:

  2. What are our Tools? • AACR/RDA = content standard for resource description and access • MARC = communication and exchange format providing a structure for encoding the content of bibliographic and authority data Related to: • ISBD = rules that organise the bibliographic description of an item in a catalogue • FRBR = a entity-relational model of the data required to find, identify, select and obtain resources

  3. ISBDs • International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions • Developed 1969 onwards by IFLA • Defined seven areas of description and their order • Title • Statement of Responsibility • Edition • Resource specific information • Publication details • Physical description • Series information • Notes and standard identifiers

  4. FRBR • Functional Requirements of Bibliographic Records • IFLA study 1998 • Entity-relationship model that defines: • Tasks: find, identify, select, obtain • Resource relationships:work, expression, manifestation, item • Entities: people, corporate bodies • Entities: concepts, objects, events, places

  5. AACR • Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules • A content standard for bibliographic description and access • Bibliographic – not just books • Key principles • One principle entry per resource • Catalogue from item in hand • Chief source of information

  6. AACR timeline • 1967 UK and US editions • 1978 2nd unified edition, consistent with ISBDs • 1997 Toronto conference on AACR2 • 1998 FRBR • 2005 RDA instead of AACR3 • 2008 RDA launch (provisional)

  7. AACR 2 • Part 1: Description • Chapter 1: General rules • Chapters 2 -12: Resource type - specific rules • Chapter 13: Analytic entries • Part 2: Headings, Uniform Titles, References • Chapter 21: Choice of access points • Chapters 22 – 26: Construction of access points • Appendices • A: Capitalisation, B: Abbreviations, C: Numerals,D: Glossary, E: Initial articles

  8. What’s wrong with AACR? • Increasingly complex • Lack of logical structure • Mixing content and carrier data • Seriality and hierarchical relationships • Anglo-American centric viewpoint • Written before FRBR • Not enough support for collocation • Unclear relationship with MARC Format

  9. RDA – The Aims • Rules should be easy to use and interpret • Be applicable to an online, networked environment • Provide effective bibliographic control for all types of media • Encourage use beyond the library community • Be compatible with other similar standards • Have a logical structure based on internationally agreed principles • Separate content and carrier data • Contain more & more suitably chosen examples

  10. How is RDA being developed? • Joint Steering Committee (JSC) • ACOC, ALA, BL, CCC, CILIP, LC • Editor: Tom Delsey • Task focused working groups • GMD/SMD, Examples • Draft – responses – revised drafts – responses/acceptance • Final product – the publishers

  11. RDA Timelime • 2005 • Prospectus issued • Draft of Part A, chapters 1,2,4,5 • Content and carrier studies • 2006 • Drafts of chapters 3, 6, 7 • 2007 • Finalise Part A • Part B: Access point control • Appendices and glossary • 2008 • Initial release (summer, IFLA conference?)

  12. RDA Structure - 1 • Part A: Description • Ch. 1 General guidelines • Ch. 2 Identification of the resource • Ch. 3 Technical description • Ch. 4 Content description • Ch. 5 Terms of availability, etc. • Ch. 6 Persons, families and corporate bodies associated with a resource • Ch. 7 Related resources

  13. RDA Structure: 2 • Part B: Access point control • Appendices • Capitalisation • Abbreviation • Numbers • Initial articles • Display standards & ISBDs • Glossary

  14. RDA – What will it be? • An online resource, potentially: • Complete text • Concise text • Tailored texts (law, medical, etc.) • Training material • Incorporated into LMS cataloguing modules • Loose-leaf print version(s)

  15. RDA and beyond • RDA aims to be: • Independent of communication formats • UNIMARC, MARC, MARCXML, MODS/MADS • DC, EAD, ISBD, VRA, MPEG7 • Compatible / better aligned with other similar standards • Archives: ISAD(G) • Museums: Cataloging Cultural Objects

  16. RDA and MARC • Mapping RDA and MARC 21 • Report issued in Nov. 2006 and discussed at MARBI Midwinter 2007 • How will RDA impact on MARC 21? • Are new fields or subfields needed? • How will MARC 21 impact on RDA? • Data provisions in MARC 21 not covered in current draft of RDA

  17. MARC – 1960s • Library of Congress project • Database of catalogue records • Production of catalogue cards • US & UK versions • Reflected differing cataloguing practices • Developed in parallel but not identical ways

  18. MARC – 1970s Variant formats developed • Based on either US or UK formats (AUSMARC, DANMARC, KORMARC, etc.) • USMARC developed 8 material formats (Books, Serials, Maps, etc.) UNIMARC developed in 1977 by IFLA • Intended as exchange format • Used as the Bib format in some countries (e.g. France)

  19. MARC – Recent changes • Expansion of USMARC to a family of formats • Bibliographic, Holdings, Authority, Classification, Community Information • Integration of USMARC bibliographic format • Previous 8 formats integrated • Widespread adoption of MARC 21 • Some countries simply adopt USMARC • 1997 – USMARC & CANMARC become MARC 21 • 2003/4 – MARC 21 enhanced by UK proposals; British Library adopts MARC 21 • 2006/7 – Germany considering move from MAB to MARC 21

  20. MARC Structure • Leader • 0xx – control numbers, coded data • 1xx – primary access point • 2xx – description, GMD, edition, publication • 3xx – physical description • 4xx – series • 5xx – notes • 6xx – subject access points • 7xx – additional access points • 8xx – series added entries • 9xx – local fields

  21. Maintaining MARC 21 • Twice yearly MARBI meetings • Discussion papers • Proposals • UK and MARC 21 • BIC Bibliographic Standards Group • lis-ukbibs@jiscmail.ac.uk

  22. MARC and XML • MARC has alpha-numeric 3-digit tags • 100.1 Personal Name • 245 $a Title $b Subtitle • XML has element labels • <namePersonIndirectOrder> • <title> <titleSubtitle> <titleCoverTitle>

  23. Looking into the crystal ball • FRBR • Potential influence on cataloguing systems • Authority records, uniform titles, work records • OPACs • Multiple interfaces for different audiences • Enhance for accessibility - supports all users • Links (actual resources, restrictions, supporting or associated resources) • RDA • Used outside the library domain

  24. Contact details • Ann Chapman • a.d.chapman@ukoln.ac.uk • http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/bib-man/

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