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Organ Donation and Organ Selling

Organ Donation and Organ Selling. Group 1 Anne, Amy, Doris, Jessie, Grace. The species of organ donation. 1. Donation while living 2. Donation after dying. Donation while living. A 1. must be an adult (more than 18 years old) 2. the agreement B 1. life must be protected

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Organ Donation and Organ Selling

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  1. Organ Donation and Organ Selling Group 1 Anne, Amy, Doris, Jessie, Grace

  2. The species of organ donation 1. Donation while living 2. Donation after dying

  3. Donation while living A1.must be an adult(more than 18years old) 2.the agreement B1.life must be protected 2.only to the blood relations in five-degree area or his/her spouse. C Only part of liver and one of kidneys can be donated.

  4. How to calculate the degree of relations

  5. The relation degree

  6. Donation after dying 1.Dead or brain dead patients or their parents who had agreed to donate organs. 2. No year limit.

  7. What is brain death? the center of life－ brainstem is destroyed

  8. The common cause of brain death • Head trauma • Head pathological changes • Other reasons

  9. Attention! • Persistent vegetative state（PVS）patients are NOT equal to brain death

  10. Steps of judging brain death Observing the patients at least 12 hours to make sure that: • The patient is really in deep coma and can not keep breathing by him/herself • The reason resulting in coma has been confirmed. • The patient’s brain structure has been destroyed badly and can not recover anymore.

  11. What Can Be Donated? • Organs • Cannot be stored and must be used within hours after being removed from the donor's body. • Tissue • Can be stored in tissue banks and used to restore sight, cover burns, repair hearts, replace veins, and mend damaged connective tissue and cartilage in recipients. • OrganDonor.Gov http://organdonor.gov/donation/what_donate.htm • Wikipedia-organ donation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_donation

  12. Organs • Brain dead/non-heart-beating donor: • organs that can be procured include the heart, intestines, kidneys, lungs, livers, and pancreas. • Living donor: • organs that can be donated include the kidney, part of the pancreas, part of a lung, part of the liver, or part of the intestine.

  13. Hear and lungs↑ Liver and intestines↑ Pancreas↑ Kidneys↑

  14. Tissue • Brain dead/non-heart-beating donor: • corneas, the middle ear, skin, heart valves, bone, veins, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. • Note: there is no living donor in this category.

  15. Ligament↑ Tendons↑ The middle ear↑ Cornea↑

  16. Taiwan Organ Registry and Sharing Center http://www.torsc.org.tw

  17. Organ Donation Card Apply for the card Dial 0800-091-066 On-line application: http://www.organ.org.tw Information counters at hospitals. ↓ Receive the card via mail ↓ Sign your name and ID number on the card ↓ Always keep it close with you • Note: brain-dead donors can only donate after two thorough inspections and declarations of the state of brain death and also after two closely related relatives consented for the donation in written form.

  18. Videos Organ Donation Film

  19. Organ Trade • Most organ trade involves kidney or liver transplants. (wikipedia) • The shortage of an “supply” of organs (WHO) • The most common way to trade organs across national borders---“transplant tourism” (WHO) • 1/5 of the 70,000 kidneys transplanted worldwide every year come from the black market(WHO)

  20. Organ Trade • The organ-exporting countries • Pakistan, India, South Africa, Peru, Romania, Bolivia, Brazil, and China…etc. • The organ-importing countries richer European countries, Israel, United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and some Arab countries…etc. (Norm Barber, 2007 & WHO)

  21. Organ Trade source: BBC NEWS

  22. Organ Trade • Brokers charge US$ 100,000 ~ US$ 200,000 • Donors receive as little as US$ 1000 for a kidney (WHO)

  23. Organ Trade • India─(WHO) • a commonly known organ-exporting country • passed legislation banning the sale of organs in 1994 • the underground organ market is still existent • about 2000 Indians sell a kidney every year (Voluntary Health Association of India)

  24. Organ Trade • In Iran, the practice of selling one's kidney for profit is legal.(wikipedia) • Iran’s Kidney sales system--- legal & regulated

  25. Sell a kidney? In Iran, it’s called ’sharing’ • Iran is the only country in the world to legalize kidney sales. (Nur Dianah Suhaimi, The Straits Time) • Kidney donor can get --- (1)a compensation (US$1,200) & free health insurance from government (2)additional gift, usually extra cash, from the kidney recipient (organ selling or organ trading?, Nur Dianah Suhaimi, Jul. 22, 2008)

  26. Sell a kidney? In Iran, it’s called ’sharing’ • The government runs the entire operation • No private players • ban advertising or approaching recipients directly (organ selling or organ trading?, Nur Dianah Suhaimi, Jul. 22, 2008)

  27. Sell a kidney? In Iran, it’s called ’sharing’ • Iran insists: “It is organ sharing, not organ trading.” • For the past 8 years, Iran has had no waiting list for kidneys (Benjamin E. Hippen, Organ Sales and Moral Travails, 2008) • Controversy

  28. Controversy • donors try to wrangle recipients for more money eg. Donors with rare blood types can fetch ‘gifts’ of as much as US$10,000. • put a price on human organs

  29. Controversy • nothing altruistic. “People do it for the money.” eg. By 2006, more than 16,000 Iranian had sold a kidney. Studies by Iranian doctors found 84% of kidney donors were poor.

  30. Controversy • “easy access to the bodies of poor people…has eroded kidney donation among loving family members.” (Nancy Scheper-Hughes, director of Organs Watch) • “no assurance of the safety of the donor in such a system” (Professor A. Vathsala)

  31. Controversy Supporter says… • “kidney sellers are no different from people in dangerous jobs.” (American law professor Lloyd Cohen) • “It makes better sense to regulate the business than to drive it underground.” (Dr. Mehdizadeh)

  32. Organ Selling---Pros & Cons Cons: 1. the poor would be exploited 2.the possibility that the donor's health may be affected 3. We should not put a price on human organs Pros: • Save more lives • People have their rights to harvest and sell their organs

  33. Organ selling case-Singapore • Singapore law forbids the buying or selling of human body parts. • But with an acute shortage of donated kidneys and hundreds of ill people stuck on waiting lists, that could change. • During a recent parliamentary hearing on two organ-selling cases, including the one allegedly involving Tang, Singapore's health minister Khaw Boon Wan said the city-state should consider legalizing the payment of kidney donors.

  34. Organ Donation Law • Opt-in law: (Taiwan and most of other countries) • Opt-out law: (西班牙、拉脫維亞、奧地利，比利時、法國、意大利、芬蘭、匈牙利、丹麥、波蘭、瑞典、以色列、盧森堡、斯洛伐克、希臘、保加利亞、新加坡)

  35. Organ Donation Law in Taiwan • In Taiwan, as in most other countries, including the US, the sale of organs is illegal. Under Taiwan law both the seller and buyer of a body organ are subject to NT$450,000 fines. The seller, broker and even the operating surgeon involved in such a transplant could face jail terms of up to three years.

  36. Human Organ Transplants Act (HOTA) • What is HOTA?HOTA (Human Organ Transplant Act) refers to the law that covers the removal of any organ from the body of a dead person into the body a living person. A short section also covers transplants between two living persons. In short, it covers transplantation of human organs.

  37. Human Organ Transplants Act • Who is covered by the act? Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents Non-Muslim Aged between 21 and 60 years Of sound mind (i.e. not insane) AND Who had not opted out while he was alive What are the organs covered?

  38. Human Organ Transplants Act • What are the organs covered? Kidneys Liver Corneas (the transparent front part of the eye) Heart • When does the act kick in? When a person has died in hospital Death is defined legally in Part I, Section 2A of the Interpretation Act Death may mean cardiac death (heart stops beating), or brain death (heart is still beating, but brain does not function)

  39. Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wtSV_BEf14

  40. Reference • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state • http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~laetoli/degree.html • http://www.ws2hr.taipei.gov.tw/cgi-bin/SM_theme?page=487d4f30 • http://www.organ.org.tw/intro/intro.htm • http://www.torsc.org.tw/organ/organ.jsp

  41. Reference • Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_trade • WHO: “The state of the international organ trade: a provisional picture based on integration of available information” http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/12/06-039370/en/index.html • WHO: “Organ trafficking and transplantation pose new challenges” http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/82/9/feature0904/en/index.html • “The Nasty Side of Organ Transplanting” (Third Edition 2007, by Norm Barber) http://www.geocities.com/organdonate/organsellingorgantheft.html • “organ selling or organ trading?” (Nur Dianah Suhaimi, 2008) http://thegpclassroom.wordpress.com/2008/07/22/organ-selling-or-organ-trading/ • “Organ Sales and Moral Travails” (Benjamin E. Hippen, 2008) • “Selling One's Organs: The Pros and Cons” (Associated Content News, Adwin, 2007) http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/174839/selling_ones_organs_the_pros_and_cons.html?cat=9

  42. Reference • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state • http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~laetoli/degree.html • http://www.ws2hr.taipei.gov.tw/cgi-bin/SM_theme?page=487d4f30 • http://www.organ.org.tw/intro/intro.htm • http://www.torsc.org.tw/organ/organ.jsp

  43. Reference • http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1833858,00.html • http://www.organ.org.tw/obook/orule.htm • http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2000/10/24/58483/print • http://www.geraldtan.com/medaffairs/hota.html

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