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Metadata

Metadata. Jenn Riley Metadata Librarian IU Digital Library Program. What is metadata?. “Data about data” “The term 'metadata' commonly refers to any data that aids in the identification, description and location of networked electronic resources.”*

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Metadata

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  1. Metadata Jenn Riley Metadata Librarian IU Digital Library Program

  2. What is metadata? • “Data about data” • “The term 'metadata' commonly refers to any data that aids in the identification, description and location of networked electronic resources.”* *Hudgins, Jean, Grace Agnew, and Elizabeth Brown. 1999. Getting mileage out of metadata: Applications for the library. Chicago: American Library Association. p. 1. L520 Fall 2004

  3. More definition • Other characteristics • Structure • Control • Origin • Machine-generated • Human-generated • In practice, the term often covers data and meta-metadata • Used in many different environments L520 Fall 2004

  4. What is a metadata schema? • A formally-defined set of data elements L520 Fall 2004

  5. Some uses of metadata • By information specialists • Describing non-traditional materials • Cataloging Web sites • Navigating digital objects • Managing digital objects long-term • Managing corporate assets • By novices • Preparing Web sites for search engines • Eprints • Managing personal CD collections L520 Fall 2004

  6. Metadata and cataloging • Depends on what you mean by: • metadata, and • cataloging! • But, in general: • Metadata is broader in scope than cataloging • Much metadata creation takes place outside of libraries • Good metadata practitioners use fundamental cataloging principles in non-MARC environments • Metadata created in many different environments L520 Fall 2004

  7. Creating metadata • HTML <meta> tags • Spreadsheets • Databases • XML • Digital library content management systems • ContentDM • Greenstone L520 Fall 2004

  8. Levels of control • Data structure standards (e.g., MARC) • Data content standards (e.g., AACR2r) • Very few metadata standards include information analogue to specifying “chief source of information” L520 Fall 2004

  9. When there’s no data content standard… L520 Fall 2004

  10. Types of metadata • Descriptive metadata • Administrative metadata • Technical metadata • Preservation metadata • Rights metadata • Structural metadata L520 Fall 2004

  11. How metadata is used L520 Fall 2004

  12. Descriptive metadata • Purpose • Description • Discovery • Some common general schemas • MARC • MARCXML • MODS • Dublin Core • LOTS of domain-specific schemas L520 Fall 2004

  13. Three similar descriptive metadata formats L520 Fall 2004

  14. Dublin Core (1) • 15-element set • “Core” across all knowledge domains • No element required • All elements repeatable • Extensible • 1:1 principle L520 Fall 2004

  15. Dublin Core (2) • Two “flavors” • Unqualified • Qualified • Additional elements • Element refinements • Encoding schemes (vocabulary and syntax) • All qualifiers must follow “dumb-down” principle • Unqualified DC required for sharing metadata via the Open Archives Initiative • Sample record L520 Fall 2004

  16. TGM I TGM II TGN GeoNet AAT LCSH LCNAF DCMI Type MIME Types …etc. Vocabulary encoding schemes L520 Fall 2004

  17. Syntax encoding schemes • AACR2r • ISO8601 • W3CDTF • URI • …etc. L520 Fall 2004

  18. Technical metadata • One type of administrative metadata • For recording technical aspects of digital objects • Of use for long-term maintenance of data • Some examples: • NISO Z39.87: Data Dictionary – Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images & MIX • Schema for Technical Metadata for Text L520 Fall 2004

  19. Structural metadata • For creating a logical structure between digital objects • Multiple copies of same bibliographic item • Multiple pages within item • Grouping of pages into sections • Multiple sizes of each page • METS is the current primary schema L520 Fall 2004

  20. Crosswalks (1) • For transforming between metadata formats • Usually refers to transforming between content standards rather than structure standards, but not always • Mapping from more robust format to less robust format effective; mapping from simpler format to more robust format less so • Good practice to create and store most robust metadata format possible, then create other views for specific needs L520 Fall 2004

  21. Crosswalks (2) • Can be in many formats • Logical sets of rules [example] • Actual code [example] • Cornell working on registry • See: Kurth, Martin, David Ruddy and Nathan Rupp. (2004) “Repurposing MARC metadata: using digital project experience to develop a metadata management design.” Library Hi Tech 22/2 (2004): 153 - 165 • Often need to tweak a generic crosswalk for a specific implementation L520 Fall 2004

  22. How do I pick a metadata format? • Genre of materials being described • Format of materials being described • Nature of holding institution • Robustness needed for the given materials and users • What others in the community are doing • Describing original vs. digitized item • Relationships between records • Plan for interoperability, including repeatability of elements • More information on handout L520 Fall 2004

  23. So why should I care? • Because metadata issues are right now an essential part of librarianship • Cataloging librarians – it’s increasingly becoming your job • Reference librarians – metadata schema affect search strategies, and you’ll have patrons who want to know about metadata • Collection development librarians – we’re increasingly purchasing data rather than physical objects, and this data needs to be managed • Administrators – your staff are going to be increasingly interested in metadata issues, and they’ll need training • Public librarians – you are very Internet-focused • Corporate librarians– you often deal with non-MARC environments • School librarians – integration of library materials into instructional environments L520 Fall 2004

  24. What does a metadata librarian do? • Create metadata (including in MARC) • Write procedures, policy, and templates for others creating metadata • Develop long-term metadata strategy • Write rules/code for mapping between metadata formats • Technical support for metadata creation tools • Represent metadata issues on group projects/committees • Learn more about everything • Teach others about metadata • Librarian stuff! • Professional development • Service • Faculty governance • …etc.! L520 Fall 2004

  25. Qualifications of a metadata librarian • Experience with many different metadata standards • Thorough knowledge of cataloging practice, including subject analysis • Can use various XML technologies: XSLT, XPath, DTDs, XML Schema • Likes to learn on the job • Excellent communication skills • Good at writing detailed documentation • Experience with file formats for still images, audio, and video • Familiarity with one or more scripting/programming languages; Perl is useful • Subject expertise where required • Understanding of RDF (maybe) L520 Fall 2004

  26. Continuing education • Professional literature in many areas • Digital libraries • Cataloging • Subject-specific • Mailing lists in these same areas • Conferences • Digital Library Federation • JCDL • ALA (LITA, ALCTS) • Talk to people! L520 Fall 2004

  27. Further information • jenlrile@indiana.edu • These presentation slides: http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/~jenlrile/presentations/slis/04fall/l520/l520.ppt • Metadata librarians listserv: <http://metadatalibrarians.monarchos.com> • Priscilla Caplan: Metadata Fundamentals for all Librarians, 2003 L520 Fall 2004

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