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Memory Hierarchy in Computer Systems: An Overview

Learn about the hierarchical structure of memories in computer systems, including cost per bit, access times, and the relationship between central and peripheral memories. Explore the design principles of caches, disks, and archival storage, as well as memory management techniques like segmentation and paging.

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Memory Hierarchy in Computer Systems: An Overview

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  1. Chapitre 8 Hierarchie des mémoires

  2. Relative cost per bit Central memories 1000 Peripheral memories 1 Access time -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 S Cost of Memory

  3. Peripheral memories Memory Hierarchy Speed Registers CPU Cache Central Memory Disk Cache Disks CD/ROM Archival Stores Size (log scale)

  4. Cache principle Cache M E M O R Y CPU

  5. Fully Associative Cache =? =? =? Page Number =? Page Number =? =? =? =? Word number within page Data

  6. Fully Mapped Cache Page Number =? Page Number Word number within page Data Set Number

  7. Set Associative Cache =? Page Number =? Page Number Data Set Number Word number within page

  8. Memory Management Logical Addresses Memory Management System Physical Addresses

  9. Memory Segmentation Segment d Segment a Segment c Physical Memory Segment b

  10. Segment Table Logical Address Segment Number Offset > + int. Physical Memory r/w Seg.length Seg.addr. Segment Table

  11. Pagination Logical Memory Physical Memory

  12. Page Table Logical Address Page Number Offset int. Physical Memory r/w Pag.Nbr. Page Table

  13. Two levels page tables Logical Address Page Nbr.high Page Nbr.low Offset Physical Memory Page Table High Page Tables low

  14. Expanded Memory in PC’s Expanded Memory (16 K pages) Central Memory

  15. Virtual Memory Logical Address Page Number Offset Mem.prot.int. Central Memory Page fault int. p/c r/w Pag.Nbr. Page Table Peripheral Memory

  16. Demand Paging Progress of program inst.n-2 inst.n-1 inst.n inst.n+1 Page Fault Missing page is being loaded in central memory by OS. Interrupted program resumes time

  17. Segmentation & Pagination Logical Address Segment Nbr. Page Nbr. Offset Physical Memory Segment Table Page Tables

  18. Translate Look Aside Buffer Logical Address Segment Nbr. Page Nbr. Offset Page Fault Interrupt =? Log.Segment&Page Nbr. Ph.Page Nbr. =? Physical Memory =? =? Software Segment Table Peripheral Memory Page Tables

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