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Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

Introduction to the Animal Kingdom. Invertebrates vs Chordates. Invertebrates Includes 95% of animals Includes 33 Phyla No vertebral column/backbone Chordates Includes 5% of animals Includes Phylum Chordata 4 Characteristics (at some point during life) Nerve cord and/or Vertebral Column

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Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

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  1. Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

  2. Invertebrates vs Chordates • Invertebrates • Includes 95% of animals • Includes 33 Phyla • No vertebral column/backbone • Chordates • Includes 5% of animals • Includes Phylum Chordata • 4 Characteristics (at some point during life) • Nerve cord and/or Vertebral Column • Notchord • Tail ext. beyond the anus • Pharyngeal pouches

  3. Symmetry • Body Symmetry • the body plan of an animal, how its parts are arranged • Asymmetry • no pattern (corals, sponges) • Radial Symmetry • shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish) • Bilateral Symmetry • has a right and left side (humans, insects, cats, etc)

  4. Germ Layers • The blastula develops 3 distinct layers, which become layers in the organism • Ectoderm - outer layer of skin, nervous tissue, sense organs • Endoderm - lining of digestive tract, digestive and respiratory system • Mesoderm - skeleton, muscles, excretory system

  5. Body Cavity • Coelom • Fluid filled cavity in the mesoderm that is lined with mesodermal tissues • Pseudocoelom • Partially filled with mesoderm • Acoelomate • Have no bodycavity

  6. Cephalization • Cephalization • an anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head)

  7. Cephalization Cont. • Anterior - toward the head • Posterior - toward the tail • Dorsal - back side • Ventral - belly side

  8. Types of Feeders • Filter Feeders • Strain food from water • Detritivores • Feed on decaying plants/animals • Carnivores • Eat other animals • Herbivores • Eat plants • Omnivore • Eats both animals and plants • Nutritional Symbionts • Depend on another species

  9. Digestion • Intracellular • Use cells to digest food • Used by less complex animals • Extracullular • Use a digestive system to digest food • Used by more complex animals

  10. Respiration • All animals exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide • Types of Respiration • Skin Respiration – oxygen/carbon dioxide diffuse across thin membranes • Gills • Lungs

  11. Circulation • Diffusion • Open • Blood is only partially contained in blood vessels • Closed • Blood is contained within blood vessels

  12. Response/Nervous • Neurons • Nerve cells • Stimulus • Something in the environment that causes neurons to react • Sensory Neurons • Specialized neurons that vary from animal to animal • Response • A reaction to a stimulus

  13. Types of Nervous Systems • Nerve Nets, Nerve Cords & Ganglia • Simple nervous system • Heads • Cephalized animals have grouped neurons that form cerebral ganglia in the head region • Brains • Cerebral ganglia are further organized into a brain

  14. Excretion • Diffusion • Flame cells • Solid waste through anus • Fluid waste through nephridia • Malpighian tubles

  15. Reproduction • Asexual • 1 parent • Benefit: Can reproduce quickly • Drawback: Less genetic diversity • Sexual • 2 parents • Benefit: Increased genetic diversity • Drawbacks: Both genders must be present, takes more time

  16. Movement • Sessile • Cilia • Skeletal – For Support • Hydrostatic: Fluid Filled Cavity • Exoskeleton: External Skeleton • Endoskeleton: Internal Skeleton • Muscles – For Movement

  17. Invertebrates

  18. PHYLUM NEMATODA • ROUNDWORMS • 24,773 KNOWN SPECIES • NON-SEGMENTED WORM WITH PSIUDOCOELOM • FIRST ORGANISM WITH MOUTH AND ANUS

  19. Symmetry • Bilateral

  20. FEEDING • Carnivores or detrivores

  21. CIRCULATION • DIFFUSION

  22. EXCRETION • Diffusion

  23. RESPONSE • Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords • Sensory organs that detect chemicals

  24. MOVEMENT • Muscle cells (length of bodies) contract to move

  25. REPRODUCTION • Sexual Reproduction (most have separate males & females) • Internal Fertilization

  26. RESPIRATION • DIFFUSION

  27. EXAMPLES

  28. Roundworm Examples • Trichinosis-Causing Worms • Cause trichinosis • Live in intestines of host • Invade hosts organs and muscle tissue • Filarial Worms • Line in blood/lymph vessels • Transmitted through biting insects • Cause elephantitis • Ascarid Worms • Cause malnutrition, spread by eating vegetables • Hookworms • Live in soil and hook onto feet of host, burrow into skin and enter bloodstream • Suck hosts blood in lungs and intestines causing weakness

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