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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Reproduction Methods Animal Reproduction and Development Fertilization Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction ] Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development Animal Reproduction and Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation Animal Reproduction and Development(continued) Human Pregnancy and Birth ] Animal Reproduction and Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  6. Animal Reproduction and Development > Reproduction Methods Reproduction Methods • Methods of Reproducing • Types of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction • Sex Determination Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/animal-reproduction-and-development-43/reproduction-methods-237/

  7. Animal Reproduction and Development > Fertilization Fertilization • External and Internal Fertilization • The Evolution of Reproduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/animal-reproduction-and-development-43/fertilization-238/

  8. Animal Reproduction and Development > Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis • Male Reproductive Anatomy • Female Reproductive Anatomy • Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/animal-reproduction-and-development-43/human-reproductive-anatomy-and-gametogenesis-239/

  9. Animal Reproduction and Development > Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction • Male Hormones • Female Hormones Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/animal-reproduction-and-development-43/hormonal-control-of-human-reproduction-240/

  10. Animal Reproduction and Development > Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development • Fertilization • Cleavage, the Blastula Stage, and Gastrulation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/animal-reproduction-and-development-43/fertilization-and-early-embryonic-development-242/

  11. Animal Reproduction and Development > Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation • Organogenesis • Vertebrate Axis Formation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/animal-reproduction-and-development-43/organogenesis-and-vertebrate-formation-243/

  12. Animal Reproduction and Development > Human Pregnancy and Birth Human Pregnancy and Birth • Human Gestation • Labor and Birth • Contraception and Birth Control • Infertility Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/animal-reproduction-and-development-43/human-pregnancy-and-birth-241/

  13. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Animal Reproduction and Development Key terms • acrosomea structure forming the end of the head of a spermatozoon • assisted reproductive technologythe technological means of inducing pregnancy (by means of artificial insemination or other techniques) • binary fissionthe process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells • blastomereany cell that results from division of a fertilized egg • blastulaa 6-32-celled hollow structure that is formed after a zygote undergoes cell division • chorionallows exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the embryo and the egg's external environment • clitorisa small sensitive elongated erectile organ at the anterior part of the vulva in female mammals, homologous with the penis • cloacathe common duct in fish, reptiles, birds, and some primitive mammals that serves as the anus as well as the genital opening • clonea living organism produced asexually from a single ancestor, to which it is genetically identical • coeloma fluid-filled cavity within the body of an animal; the digestive system is suspended within the cavity, which is lined by a tissue called the peritoneum • condoma flexible sleeve made of latex or other impermeable material such as sheepskin, worn over an erect penis during intercourse as a contraceptive or as a way to prevent the spread of STDs • contraceptionthe use of a device or procedure to prevent conception as a result of sexual activity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Animal Reproduction and Development • corpus luteuma yellow mass of cells that forms from an ovarian follicle during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in mammals; it secretes steroid hormones • dorsalwith respect to, or concerning the side in which the backbone is located, or the analogous side of an invertebrate • ectodermoutermost of the three tissue layers in the embryo of a metazoan animal, which will produce the epidermis (skin) and nervous system of the adult • endodermone of the three tissue layers in the embryo of a metazoan animal, which will produce the digestive system and other internal organs of the adult • endometriumthe mucous membrane that lines the uterus in mammals and in which fertilized eggs are implanted • epididymisa narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens, where sperm are stored during maturation • estradiola potent estrogenic hormone produced in the ovaries of all vertebrates; the synthetic compound is used medicinally to treat estrogen deficiency and breast cancer • fertilizationthe act of fecundating or impregnating animal or vegetable gametes • follicle stimulating hormonea gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone, secreted in the anterior pituitary, that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in female mammals, and induces spermatogenesis in male mammals • gastrulationthe stage of embryo development at which a gastrula is formed from the blastula by the inward migration of cells • gonada sex organ that produces gametes; specifically, a testicle or ovary • hermaphroditismhaving sexual organs of both sexes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Animal Reproduction and Development • heterozygousof an organism which has two different alleles of a given gene • holoblasticcleaving, and separating into separate blastomeres • homozygousof an organism in which both copies of a given gene have the same allele • human chorionic gonadotropina peptide hormone, produced during pregnancy, that prevents the breakdown of the corpus luteum and maintains progesterone production • infertilitythe inability to conceive children • inhibina peptide hormone, secreted by the gonads, which inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone • inner cell massa mass of cells within a primordial embryo that will eventually develop into the distinct form of a fetus in most eutherian mammals • intrauterine devicea contraceptive device consisting of a spiral or similar shape of plastic or metal inserted through the vagina into the uterus in order to prevent the implantation of a fertilized egg • Leydig cellone of the interstitial cells, located next to the seminiferous tubules inside the testicle, that produce testosterone • luteinizing hormonea hormone, produced by part of the pituitary gland, that stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum in female mammals, and the production of androgens by male mammals • meiosiscell division of a diploid cell into four haploid cells, which develop to produce gametes • menopausethe ending of menstruation; the time in a woman's life when this happens Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Animal Reproduction and Development • menstruationthe periodic discharging of the menses, the flow of blood and cells from the lining of the uterus in females of humans and other primates • meroblasticundergoing only partial cleavage • mesodermone of the three tissue layers in the embryo of a metazoan animal, which will produce many internal organs of the adult such as the muscles, spine and circulatory system • mitosisthe division of a cell nucleus in which the genome is copied and separated into two identical halves. It is normally followed by cell division • neural platea thick, flat bundle of ectoderm formed in vertebrate embryos after induction by the notochord • notochorda flexible rodlike structure that forms the main support of the body in the lowest chordates; a primitive spine • oocytea cell that develops into an egg or ovum; a female gametocyte • organogenesisthe formation and development of the organs of an organism from embryonic cells • ovarya female reproductive organ, often paired, that produces ova and in mammals secretes the hormones estrogen and progesterone • oviparousegg-laying; depositing eggs that develop and hatch outside the body as a reproductive strategy • ovoviparityeggs are retained in the female, but the embryo obtains its nourishment from the egg's yolk • oxytocina hormone that stimulates contractions during labor, and then the production of milk Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  18. Animal Reproduction and Development • parthenogenesisa form of asexual reproduction where growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization • parturitionthe act of giving birth; childbirth • placentaa vascular organ in mammals that supplies food and oxygen from the mother to the fetus, while passing back waste; it is implanted in the wall of the uterus • polar bodyone of the small cells that are by-products of the meiosis that forms an egg • polyspermythe penetration of an ovum by more than one sperm • prolactina peptide gonadotrophic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland; it stimulates growth of the mammary glands and lactation in females • prostate glanda gland in male mammals surrounding the urethra just below the urinary bladder that controls the release of urine from the bladder and produces a secretion that is the fluid part of semen • protandrythe condition in which an organism begins life as a male and then changes into a female • protogynythe condition in which an organism begins life as a female and then changes into a male • pubertythe age at which a person is first capable of sexual reproduction • reproductionthe act of producing new individuals biologically • seminiferous tubuleany of many threadlike structures, located in the testes, that are the specialized areas of sperm production Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  19. Animal Reproduction and Development • Sertoli cella kind of sustentacular cell which serves as a "nurse" cell of the testes and which is part of a seminiferous tubule • spermathecaa small sac within the reproductive tract of some female invertebrates, such as insects, which stores sperm until it is used to fertilize the ova • spermatocytea male gametocyte, from which a spermatozoon develops • spermicidea substance used for killing sperm • testosteronesteroid hormone produced primarily in the testes of the male; it is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male • trophoblastthe membrane of cells that forms the wall of a blastocyst during early pregnancy, providing nutrients to the embryo and later developing into part of the placenta • uterusan organ of the female reproductive system in which the young are conceived and develop until birth; the womb • vaginathe passage leading from the opening of the vulva to the cervix of the uterus for copulation and childbirth in female mammals • vasectomythe surgical removal of all or part of the vas deferens, usually as a means of male sterilization • ventralon the front side of the human body, or the corresponding surface of an animal, usually the lower surface • viviparousbeing born alive, as are most mammals, some reptiles, and a few fish (as opposed to being laid as an egg) • vulvathe external female sexual organs, collectively Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  20. Animal Reproduction and Development • Wnt signaling pathwaya group of signal transduction pathways made of proteins that pass signals from outside of a cell through cell surface receptors to the inside of the cell • zona pellucidaa glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte • zygotea diploid fertilized egg cell Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  21. Animal Reproduction and Development Oogenesis The process of oogenesis occurs in the ovary's outermost layer. A primary oocyte begins the first meiotic division, but then arrests until later in life when it will finish this division in a developing follicle. This results in a secondary oocyte, which will complete meiosis if it is fertilized. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44839/latest/Figure_43_03_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Animal Reproduction and Development Formation of the blastocyst The rearrangement of the cells in the mammalian blastula to two layers, the inner cell mass and the trophoblast, results in the formation of the blastocyst. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44846/latest/Figure_43_05_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Animal Reproduction and Development Spermatogenesis During spermatogenesis, four sperm result from each primary spermatocyte, which divides into two haploid secondary spermatocytes; these cells will go through a second meiotic division to produce four spermatids. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44839/latest/Figure_43_03_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Animal Reproduction and Development Second trimester This fetus is just entering the second trimester, when the placenta takes over more of the functions performed as the baby develops. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Human Pregnancy and Birth. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44848/latest/Figure_43_07_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Animal Reproduction and Development Neural tube formation The central region of the ectoderm forms the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and the spinal cord. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44850/latest/Figure_43_06_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Animal Reproduction and Development Follicle This mature egg follicle may rupture and release an egg in response to a surge of LH. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44841/latest/Figure_43_04_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Animal Reproduction and Development Sexual reproduction in seahorses Female seahorses produce eggs for reproduction that are then fertilized by the male. Unlike almost all other animals, the male seahorse then gestates the young until birth. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44851/latest/Figure_43_00_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Animal Reproduction and Development Meiosis The development of sperm and eggs occurs via the process of meiosis which reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell by half. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Sexual cycle."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sexual_cycle.svgView on Boundless.com

  29. Animal Reproduction and Development Mesoderm The mesoderm aids in the production of cardiac muscles, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, tissues within the kidneys, and red blood cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Mesoderm."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesoderm.pngView on Boundless.com

  30. Animal Reproduction and Development Anemone fish protecting its spawn An image of an Anemone fish protecting its spawn. The anemone fish utilizes a form of external fertilization. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Anemone Fish protecting it's spawn."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anemone_Fish_protecting_it's_spawn.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Animal Reproduction and Development Intracytoplasmic sperm injection A sperm is inserted into an egg for fertilization during intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Human Pregnancy and Birth. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44848/latest/Figure_43_07_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. Animal Reproduction and Development Cervix dilation During the first stage of labor, the cervix, which is normally closed, must open and widen to accommodate the passage of the baby. A cervix is considered fully dilated at 10 centimeters. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Cervix dilation sequence."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cervix_dilation_sequence.svgView on Boundless.com

  33. Animal Reproduction and Development Intrauterine device An intrauterine device, or IUD, is implanted inside a woman's uterus, causing the uterus to respond with slight inflammation. This inflammation prevents a fertilized egg from implanting in the uterine wall. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Mirena IntraUterine System."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirena_IntraUterine_System.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. Animal Reproduction and Development Sex determination The presence of X and Y chromosomes are one of the factors responsible for sex determination in mammals, with males being the heterozygous sex. In birds, Z and W chromosomes determine sex, with females being the heterozygous sex. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Types of sex determination."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Types_of_sex_determination.pngView on Boundless.com

  35. Animal Reproduction and Development Hormonal control of the female reproductive cycle The ovarian and menstrual cycles of female reproduction are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries. The pattern of activation and inhibition of these hormones varies between phases of the reproductive cycle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44841/latest/Figure_43_04_02f.pngView on Boundless.com

  36. Animal Reproduction and Development Stages of the menstrual cycle Rising and falling hormone levels result in progression of the ovarian and menstrual cycles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44841/latest/Figure_43_04_04.pngView on Boundless.com

  37. Animal Reproduction and Development Hormonal regulation of the male reproductive system GnRH stimulates the production of FSH and LH, which act on the testes to begin spermatogenesis and to develop secondary sex characteristics in the male. In turn, the testes production of testosterone and the hormone inhibin inhibit the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH in a negative feedback loop. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44841/latest/Figure_43_04_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Animal Reproduction and Development Development of the embryo In humans, fertilization occurs soon after the oocyte leaves the ovary. Implantation occurs eight or nine days later. The embryo divides several times as it travels. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Human Pregnancy and Birth. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44848/latest/Figure_43_07_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Animal Reproduction and Development First trimester Fetal development is shown at nine weeks gestation. At this stage, the body is essentially formed; however many of the organs are not yet functioning. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Human Pregnancy and Birth. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44848/latest/Figure_43_07_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. Animal Reproduction and Development Male reproductive system The reproductive structures of the human male are shown. Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules, mature in the epididymis, and then are forced out into the vas deferens and out of the body through the urethra during ejaculation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44839/latest/Figure_43_03_01.pngView on Boundless.com

  41. Animal Reproduction and Development Process of fertilization (a) Fertilization is the process in which sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote. (b) Acrosomal reactions help the sperm degrade the glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg and allow the sperm to transfer its nucleus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44846/latest/Figure_43_05_01ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. Animal Reproduction and Development Sperm fertilizing an egg The evolution of sex-specific gonads led to the development of sperm (male) and eggs (female). When fertilized, if the conditions are favorable, the egg may develop into a new organism. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Sperm-egg."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sperm-egg.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. Animal Reproduction and Development Differentiation of germ layers The three germ layers give rise to different cell types in the animal body: the ectoderm forms the nervous system and the outer layer of skin, the mesoderm gives rise to muscles and connective tissues, and the endoderm gives rise to the lining of the digestive system and other internal organs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44846/latest/Figure_43_05_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  44. Animal Reproduction and Development Body axes Animal bodies have three axes for symmetry: anterior/posterior (front/behind), dorsal/ventral (back/belly), and lateral/medial (side/middle). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44850/latest/Figure_43_06_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  45. Animal Reproduction and Development Female reproductive anatomy The reproductive structures of the human female are shown. Several structures are on the outside of the body, such as the labia, vulva, and clitoris, while others, such as the ovaries and uterus, are internal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44839/latest/Figure_43_03_03ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  46. Animal Reproduction and Development Oocyte development Oocytes develop in (a) follicles, located in the ovary. At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, the follicle matures. At ovulation, the follicle ruptures, releasing the egg. The follicle becomes a corpus luteum, which eventually degenerates. The (b) follicle in this light micrograph has an oocyte at its center. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44839/latest/Figure_43_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  47. Animal Reproduction and Development Structure of a human sperm Human sperm, visualized using scanning electron microscopy, have a flagellum, neck, and head. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44839/latest/Figure_43_03_02ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. Animal Reproduction and Development Budding Hydra reproduce asexually through budding, where a bud forms that develops into an adult and breaks away from the main body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Reproduction Methods. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44836/latest/Figure_43_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  49. Animal Reproduction and Development Fragmentation Sea stars can reproduce through fragmentation. The large arm, a fragment from another sea star, is developing into a new individual. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Reproduction Methods. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44836/latest/Figure_43_01_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  50. Animal Reproduction and Development Fission Coral polyps reproduce asexually by fission, where an organism splits into two separate organisms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Reproduction Methods. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44836/latest/Figure_43_01_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

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