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La terapia antibiotica in età pediatrica Lo stato dell’arte ? Risorse non rinnovabili?

La terapia antibiotica in età pediatrica Lo stato dell’arte ? Risorse non rinnovabili?. Antonio Boccazzi Clinica Pediatrica Milano. Increase in antibiotic use. Increase risk of inappropriate use. Limited treatment alternatives more antibiotics increased mortality.

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La terapia antibiotica in età pediatrica Lo stato dell’arte ? Risorse non rinnovabili?

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  1. La terapia antibiotica in età pediatrica Lo stato dell’arte ? Risorse non rinnovabili? Antonio Boccazzi Clinica Pediatrica Milano

  2. Increase inantibiotic use Increase risk of inappropriate use • Limited treatment alternatives • more antibiotics • increasedmortality Increase inresistant strains • Increasedhospitalisation • more antibiotics • Ineffective empirictherapy • increased morbidity • more antibiotics

  3. Strategies for empirical outpatient antibacterial therapy • Unnecessary and inappropriate use of antibacterials contributes to resistance • To minimize the threat of resistance, the right drug should be administered at the right dose and duration • Antibacterials should rapidly eradicate the infecting pathogen at the site of infection • Appropriate use may increase the use of some ‘optimal’ agents, but will decrease the use of ‘sub-optimal’ agents • Emerging scientific principles (PK/PD) should be applied to all new and existing antibacterials Adapted from: Ball et al. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 49:31–40

  4. Problemi aperti e di gravità • in peggioramento: • Meticillino-R • Vanco-Ivanco-R • Penicillino-R • Comparsa di ESBL • Resistenza ai macrolidi

  5. Quali patologie comportano un elevato • utilizzo di antibiotici nell’ambulatorio • Del Pediatra di Famiglia • (spesso non giustificato) • Faringotonsillite • OMA • Influenza e sindromi influenzali • Bronchiolite • Bcp Sindromi febbrili

  6. FARINGOTONSILLITE EPIDEMIOLOGIA ITALIA 18.000.000 pazienti/anno 50% età pediatrica (5-15 aa.) 1a causa di consumo di antibiotici Mazzaglia G. e coll.; 1999

  7. Per OMA: utilizzo della vigile attesa Per FGT: attenzione alla identificazione dei casi ad etiologia streptococcica Terapie brevi

  8. Antibioticoterapia della FTA Terapia breve mancata giorni eradicazione Cefuroxime axetil (Mehra, 1998) 5 12,0% Cefaclor (Catania, 1999) 5 9,3% Cefprozil (Doyle, 1992) 5 10,9% Cefpodoxime proxetil (Portier, 1994) 5 4,0% Cefixime (Adam, 1995) 5 15,9% Ceftibuten (Boccazzi, 1999) 5 13,8% Amoxicillina (Cohen, 1996) 6 16,3%

  9. -lactams macrolides trimethoprim/ sulphamethoxazole 100 80 Green = S.pneumoniae-associated AOM Orange = H. influenzae- associated AOM 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 For -lactams, a serum concentration profile with a ‘Time above MIC’ 40% is required to achieve 85% bacteriological cure Bacteriological cure (%) ‘Time Above MIC’ (% of dosing interval) Craig & Andes. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15:255–259

  10. Ricordare: L’impiego della switch therapy parenterale-orale nelle BCP

  11. Caveat: La terapia di associazione macrolide+beta lattamico nelle Bcp

  12. Progetto Arno 2003

  13. Antimicrobici generali per uso sistemico

  14. ASL MILANO Valutazione prescrizioni 2004 e 2005

  15. Distribuzione pezzi prescritti in ordine decrescente - 2004 – ASL Milano - età 0-14 anni

  16. In tutte le infezioni ambulatoriali (eccetto le IVU) non è possibile Identificare l’agente etiologico Approccio empirico al trattamento

  17. Approccio empirico • Disegnare il miglior trattamento in base a: • Etiologia e meccanismi di R • Caratteristiche pK-pD • Rischio di induzione di R • Tollerabilità • Compliance • Costo

  18. S.pneumoniae (848)Trend of penicillin-resistance in Italy %R PROTEKT ITALY (2002) Felmingham et al., JAC, 1996; Felmingham et al., JAC, 2000; Marchese et al., MDR 2001; Marchese et al., SIM Congress, 2002; Schito et al., ICAAC, 2003

  19. MAIN RESISTANCE OF AOM PATHOGENS IN ITALY • Streptococcus pneumoniae = resistance to penicillin (15%) and macrolides (35%) • Haemophilus influenzae = resistance to amoxicillin (20%) • Moraxella catarrhalis = resistance to amoxicillin (80%) • Streptococcus pyogenes = resistance to macrolides (20-30%)

  20. Vaccino anti-pneumococco e modificazione dell’etiologia di OMA Block S. Pediatr Infect Dis J sept. 04 pag.829

  21. Farmaco Dose pen S MIC90(mg/L)/ T>MIC (%) Pen I MIC90(mg/L)/ T>MIC (%) Co-Amoxiclav Cefaclor Cefuroxime Cefixime Ceftibuten Cefpodoxime 500 mg x3 500mg x3 500 mg x2 400 x1 400 x1 200x2 0.125/ 113.8 1/49.3 0.25/73.1 1/48.1 8/19.9 0.125/112.6 1/65 16/11.8 2/43.1 16/0 16/9.9 1/52.6 Tempo in cui le concentrazioni rimangono sopra la MIC in S. pneumoniae penicillino sensibile (pen S) o penicillino intermedio (pen I)di vari antibiotici betalattamici orali R Auckenthaler . JAC- 2000

  22. Farmaco Dose b-lattamasi + MIC90(mg/L)/ T>MIC (%) b-lattamasi - MIC90(mg/L)/ T>MIC (%) CoAmoxiclav Cefaclor Cefuroxime Cefixime Ceftibuten Cefpodoxime 500 mg x3 500mg x3 250 mg x2 400 x1 400 x1 200x2 1/65 32/2.4 2/43.1 0.25/81.5 0.25/69.9 0.25/92.6 1/65 16/11.8 2/43.1 0.25/81.5 0.25/69.9 0.25/92.6 Tempo in cui le concentrazioni rimangono sopra la MIC in H. influenzae di vari antibiotici betalattamici orali R Auckenthaler . JAC- 2000

  23. Farmaco Dose b-lattamasi + MIC90(mg/L)/ T>MIC (%) Co-Amoxiclav Cefaclor Cefuroxime Cefixime Ceftibuten Cefpodoxime 500 mg x3 500mg x3 250 mg x2 400 x1 400 x1 200x2 0.25/97.5 1/49.3 2/43.1 0.5/64.8 4/29.9 0.5/72.6 Tempo in cui le concentrazioni rimangono sopra la MIC in M.catarrhalis di vari antibiotici betalattamici orali R Auckenthaler . JAC- 2000

  24. Dagan R et al, Lancet 2002

  25. Amoxicillin and acute otitis media Effect of betalactamase production by H. influenzae on bacteriological failure rates Dagan R & Leibovitz E, The Lancet Infect Dis, 2002

  26. Acute otitis media in children T > MIC and bacteriological eradication rates after 3-5 days of treatment Dagan R & Leibovitz E, The Lancet Infect Dis, 2002

  27. take home message

  28. COSA PORTARE CASA ?

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