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Reasoning About Complex Systems

Reasoning About Complex Systems. Personality/Temperament Theory.

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Reasoning About Complex Systems

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  1. Reasoning AboutComplex Systems Personality/Temperament Theory

  2. “Minds are of three kinds:  one is capable of thinking for itself; another is able to understand the thinking of others; and a third can neither think for itself nor understand the thinking of others. The first is of the highest excellence, the second is excellent, and the third is worthless.” [Machiavelli, The Prince]

  3. Exclusion • We will not consider • Abnormal behavior • Group behavior

  4. Personality Theory

  5. Character • Learned behavior • Character can be different in different situations • Home • Work • Friends • Vacation

  6. Temperament Theory • Natural tendencies in behavior • Do not change but are only tendencies • Behavioral pre-dispositions that you are most comfortable with • You can have characteristics of multiple temperaments • No temperament is better than the others – each has its own advantages • The theory is that we tend to have a dominate temperament

  7. A Little History • Hippocrates (370 B.C.), Plato (340 B.C.), and Artistotle (325 B.C.) all identified three - four kinds of people • Ex. Hippocrates proposed that the highest of four body fluids determined type of personality • Blood – cheerful, active • Phlegm – apathetic, sluggish • black bile – sad, brooding • yellow bile – irritable, excitable

  8. A Little History • This view of there being multiple temperaments persisted until the early 1900s when behaviorism (Pavlov, Skinner) became the prevailing view - we are born with a “blank slate” and conditioned by our experiences. • Myers (1958) and Keirsey (1978) modernized the view of four temperaments

  9. Carl Jung’s Dream (1909) • Jung dreamed he was in a house. The top floor was modern, the first floor was medieval, and the basement was a primitive cave containing bones and skulls. • He interpreted this as a metaphor for our “conscious personality,” our “personal unconscious,” and our “collective unconscious” which are common to us all. • Psychology then should concentrate on studying the “collective unconscious” and its fundamental units (archetypes) that are common to us all.

  10. Carl Jung (1921) • Three Categories • Extraverted/Introverted • Sensing/Intuitive • Thinking/Feeling • Everyone has an “attitude” • Extraverted or Introverted • Everyone has a “primary function” • Sensing, Intuition, Thinking, or Feeling

  11. Jung’s Functions • Perceptive functions • Sensing • Intuitive • Judgmental functions • Thinking • Feeling • Primary function is the one most developed

  12. Jung - 8 combinations • Extraverted • Sensing • Intuitive • Thinking • Feeling • Introverted • Sensing • Intuitive • Thinking • Feeling

  13. Extraverted/Introverted • How do you “recharge your batteries?” • Extraverts find interpersonal interactions to be stimulating. • Introverts must have some time alone. • Do you prefer to study alone or in groups?

  14. Sensing/Intuitive • How do you assimilate information? • Sensing • Deals with individual data items. • Lives in the present. • Acts quickly • Intuitive • Seeks to find underlying relationships among data items. • Considers implications for the future. • Thinks before acting

  15. Thinking/Feeling • What are your objectives in making decisions? • Thinking • Seeks fair decisions based on facts • Sees both positive and negative • Does not freely compliment others • Motivated by achievement • Feeling • Seeks diplomatic and compassionate decision • Accentuates the positive • Are quick to compliment others • Motivated by appreciation

  16. Emotion vs. Feeling • Father torches van after news of son's death [CNN, August 26, 2004]

  17. Myers-Briggs • Added a fourth dimension to Jung’s work. • Judging/Perceiving • Myers Briggs Type Indicator • No Primary – four dimensions to personality • Yields 16 possible combinations

  18. Judging/Perceiving • How do you organize your life? • Judging • Serious, Organized, Planned, On time, decisive • Perceiving • Playful, Spontaneous, Flexible, Often late, delays decisions

  19. 16 Types • Combinations of: • Extraverted/Introverted (E/I) • Sensing/Intuitive (S/N) • Thinking/Feeling (T/F) • Judging/Perceiving (J/P) • ESTJ, ISTJ, ESFJ, ISFJ • ESTP, ISTP, ESFP, ISFP • ENTJ, INTJ, ENTP, INTP • ENFJ, INFJ, ENFP, INFP

  20. David Keirsey • Uses three of the four dimensions to define four primary temperaments • From Jung – • Sensing/Intuitive - How do you assimilate information? • Thinking/Feeling - What are your objectives? • From Myers Briggs – • Judging/Perceiving - How do you organize your life? • Sensing/Intuitive is seen as a major dimension • Sensing is combined with Judging/Perceiving • Intuitive is combined with Thinking/Feeling

  21. Four Temperaments • Guardian - "Security Seeking" • Sensing-Judging • Artisan - "Sensation Seeking " • Sensing-Perceiving • Idealists - "Identity Seeking" • Intuitive-Feeling • Rationals - "Knowledge Seeking" • Intuitive-Thinking

  22. Jung – Primary Function Sensing Intuitive Thinking Feeling Keirsey – Temperaments Sensing-Judging Sensing-Perceiving Intuitive-Feeling Intuitive-Thinking Jung vs. Keirsey

  23. Guardian (Sensing-Judging) • Focuses on details and the present • Serious, Organized, Planner, On time • "detailed," "persevering," and "thorough" • Self-image is based on reliability, service, and respectability • Managers, accountants, teachers, criminal justice • Tend to be enculturating as parents, helpmates as spouses, and conformity oriented as children

  24. Colin Powell

  25. Artisan (Sensing-Perceiving) • Focuses on details and the present • Playful, Spontaneous, Flexible, Often late • "easygoing," "enjoys life," and "persuasive" • Self-image is based on graceful action, bold spirit, and adaptability to circumstance • Entertainment/Art, marketing, surgeon, tradecraft • Tend to be permissive as parents, playmates as spouses, and play oriented as children

  26. President Kennedy

  27. Idealists (Intuitive-Feeling) • Interprets data in the context of relationships and future implications. • Diplomatic, avoids conflict, seeks appreciation • "sympathetic," "enthusiastic," "creative," and "insightful" • Self image is based on empathy, benevolence, and authenticity • Educator, counselor, activist, media, diplomat • In their family interactions they strive for mutuality, provide spiritual intimacy for mates, opportunity for fantasy for their children, and for themselves continuous self-renewal.

  28. Oprah Winfrey

  29. Rationals (Intuitive-Thinking) • Interprets data in the context of relationships and future implications. • Fair, critical, seeks achievement • "logical," "curious," and "independent" • Self image is based on ingenuity, independence, and willpower • Leadership positions, scientist, entrepreneur • Tend to be individualizing as parents, mind mates as spouses, and learning oriented as children

  30. Walt Disney

  31. Summary • Guardian • Serious, Organized, Planned, On time • "detailed," "persevering," and "thorough” • Artisan • Playful, Improvises, seeks quick results, Often late • "easygoing," "enjoys life," and "persuasive” • Idealist • Diplomatic, avoids conflict, seeks appreciation • "sympathetic," "enthusiastic," "creative," and "insightful” • Rationals • Fair, critical, seeks achievement • "logical," "curious," and "independent"

  32. Another View…

  33. Harry Potter and the Four Temperaments • Slytherin - resourceful…cunning…use any means to achieve their ends • Hufflepuff - hard workers…patient… just...loyal • Gryffindor - chivalrous…fight for what’s right and good • Ravenclaw - clever…ready mind…wit and learning

  34. Presidential Temperaments

  35. Frequency of Temperaments

  36. Temperaments and Reasoning • Extraverted/Introverted • Team work will improve your extravert skills • Systems thinking will improve your introvert skills • Sensing/Intuitive • Sensing – The systems approach uses data to simulate systems behavior • Intuitive – The systems approach uses relationships to model systems

  37. Temperaments and Reasoning • Thinking/Feeling • Thinking – The systems approach stress logic and decisions based on facts • Feeling – Working on teams will help develop feeling skills • Judging/Perceiving • Judging – The systems approach is an organized, planned approach to problem solving • Perceiving – The systems approach is deliberate and discourages quick decisions

  38. Your Temperament • What temperament describes you best? • Read detail descriptions of the temperaments at http://keirsey.com/matrix.html • What temperament describes you least?

  39. Fill out the short Myers Briggs Profile Analysis • http://www.personalitypathways.com/type_inventory.html • Fill out the profile sheet on the ITK 115 web site

  40. Books on Temperament Theory • More on Temperaments – • People Patterns by Stephen Montgomery (about $13 on amazon.com) • Just Your Type : Create the Relationship You've Always Wanted Using the Secrets of Personality Type by Paul D. Tieger, Barbara Barron-Tieger (about $16 on amazon.com) • The Art of Speed Reading People : How To Size People Up and Speak Their Language by Paul D. Tieger, Barbara Barron-Tieger (about $11 on amazon.com)

  41. End

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