Welcome to the Canadian Red Cross First Aid & CPR Course

1. Welcome to the Canadian Red CrossFirst Aid & CPR Course

2. Day 1 Preparing to Respond EMS Check, Call, Care

3. Preparing to Respond What would you do?

4. Chain of Survival The key to surviving emergencies is a CHAIN REACTION: • Early Healthy Choices – making lifestyle decisions • Early Recognition – recognizing a serious developing emergency • Early Access – calling 911 for help • Early CPR – maintaining a person’s breathing and circulation until help arrives • Early Defibrillation – a machine that delivers a shock to the heart • Early Advanced Care – paramedics racing to the side of a sick person • Early Rehabilitation – returning to a normal lifestyle after a cardiac problem

5. The 4 R’s of CPR • RISK – factors in your life that predispose you to developing heart problems or a stroke • RECOGNIZE – how to recognize a serious developing emergency • REACT – what to do when you see a developing emergency • RESUSCITATE– how to do CPR and how to help someone who is choking

6. Definition of First Aid The First Aider’s Role: • Recognize the emergency • Call EMS/9-1-1 • Act according to your skills, knowledge, and comfort level First aidis the immediate care that you give to a sick or injured person until more advanced care can be obtained.

7. Common Concerns About Providing First Aid • Other people at the scene • The ill or injured person • Unpleasant injuries or illnesses • Catching a disease • Doing something wrong

8. Laws that Protect First Aiders Ontario • The Good Samaritan Act, 2001 • a legal principle that prevents a rescuer who has voluntarily helped a victim in distress from being successfully sued for 'wrongdoing.' • Its purpose is to keep people from being so reluctant to help a stranger in need for fear of legal repercussions if they made some mistake in treatment. ***It is KEY to get the person’s consent before you help, or parent/guardian consent for an injured child. For an UNCONSCIOUS person, consent is IMPLIED.

9. Infection An infection is a condition caused by the invasion of the body by germs. • Germs in the environment • The germs enter body • Enough germs to cause infection • The individual’s natural defences must be weak

10. How is an Infection Spread Between People? Direct contact > Airborne transmission > Vector transmission > Indirect contact >

11. Preventing Diseases From Spreading • Take personal precautions • Wear protective equipment • Take environmental precautions

12. Preparing to Respond – Summary Questions • List three examples of a medical emergency. • Good job! • How can a disease be transmitted in first aid? • Direct, indirect, airborne, or vector transmission • How can disease transmission be prevented in first aid? • Personal precautions, protective equipment, environmental precautions • Can you be sued for doing first aid? • Nope! (Good Samaritan Act, 2001)

13. Preparing to Respond – Scenario Review So, what would you do?

14. Check, Call, Care – Be Systematic • Check • Call • Care

15. Check – Begin a Primary Survey Before helping at an emergency, check the scene: 1. Is it safe? 2. What happened? How did it happen? 3. How many ill or injured people are there? 4. Is there someone to help me? 5. Is there someone who looks unconscious?

16. If the scene is safe, check the person: • Do they respond? • Ask the person, “Are you okay?” • If it is safe, get closer • Gently tap the person on the shoulder • Do they want your help? • Tell them: • Who you are • You are trained in first aid • You are here to help

17. Call • Call 9-1-1 • Be ready to tell the dispatcher the following: • Where exactly the emergency is • What phone number you are calling from • What your name is • What has happened • How many people are involved and what their condition is

18. Care • Determine care required: check ABCs (on next slide) • Treat life-threatening emergencies immediately

19. Check ABCs for Life-Threatening Emergencies Check: • Airway • Breathing • Circulation

20. Secondary Survey: Are there any other injuries? • Only do a secondary survey if the ABCs are okay. • Do the three-steps of a secondary survey: • Ask SAMPLE questions • Check vital signs • Do a head-to-toe check • Always complete the secondary survey before treating any non-life-threatening injuries.

21. Secondary Survey – SAMPLE Questions S Signs and symptoms A Allergies M Medications P Past medical history L Last meal E Events leading up to the emergency

22. Secondary Survey – Vital Signs • Level of consciousness • Breathing • Skin

23. Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check Hands-Off Check

24. Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check Hands-On Check

25. Shock Shock can be caused by: injury, illness, infection, or emotion. Signs & Symptoms: anxiety, cold or clammy skin, skin that is paler than usual, weakness, confusion, unconsciousness, weak/rapid pulse, rapid breathing, excessive thirst, nausea and vomiting, drowsiness Treat everybody for shock. Shock is a potentially life-threatening condition in which vital organs do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood.

26. First Aid – Shock While you are waiting for EMS personnel to arrive: • Care for the cause of the shock. • Keep the person warm. • Monitor ABCs. • Have the person rest. • Give comfort and reassurance. **FLASH the paramedics! (…wave and/or flash lights when you see them, that is…!)

27. Continual Care • Keep the person comfortable • Put an unconscious person in the RECOVERY POSITION if: • The airway is open • The person is breathing • There is no deadly bleeding • You don’t suspect a neck or back injury • Monitor the person

28. Summary Check • Check the scene • Check the person Call • Call EMS/9-1-1 Care • Deal with life-threatening conditions (ABCs) Secondary Survey • Perform a secondary survey and treat any non-life-threatening injuries Continual Care • Keep the person comfortable and monitor vital signs

29. Check, Call, Care – Summary Questions • What should you do during the “Check”? • Check the scene, check the person • What actions must you take in “Call”? • Call 9-1-1 • What actions must you take in “Care”? • Check ABCs, treat life-threatening emergencies immediately, follow with secondary survey • What do you do during the secondary survey? • Ask SAMPLE questions, check vital signs, head-to-toe check • What should you look for in a head-to-toe check? • Bumps, bruises, blood, etc. ***PRACTICE THE RECOVERY POSITION!

30. Check, Call, Care – Scenario Review So, what would you do?

31. Cool Idea! • ICE your phone! • ICE stands for In Case of Emergency. Putting ICE before your designated next of kin in your list of contact numbers lets emergency personnel know who to contact in case of emergency!

32. Day 2 Choking & Airway Emergencies

33. Airway Emergencies What would you do?

34. Airway System – Anatomy and Physiology • We breathe in 21% oxygen and breathe out 16% oxygen…This is more than enough to sustain life. Nose Mouth Epiglottis Trachea Lungs Bronchioles Alveoli

35. Airway Blockages • A mild airway obstruction occurs when the airway is partly blocked, reducing the flow of air to the lungs • A severe airway obstructionoccurs when the airway is totally blocked, stopping air from reaching the lungs Blockage Signs & Symptoms: If the person can speak, cough, or breathe, it is mild choking.

36. Recognizing and Treating Choking Complete the following: • Demonstrate the universal sign for choking. • hands to the throat • Name the 2 types of choking. • mild and severe • Describe signs and symptoms of each type of choking. • Mild: Person can still speak, cough, or breathe. • Treatment: Encourage the person to keep coughing! • Severe: No air getting in (can’t speak, cough, or breathe). • Treatment: Act quickly with first aid for conscious or unconscious choking… DVD#3 & DVD#6

37. DVD’s & Practice: • DVD 3 – Conscious Choking Adult • DVD 6 – Unconscious Choking Adult • Practice Time! Pair up and practice conscious and unconscious choking first aid!

38. Airway Emergencies – Summary Questions • How would you recognize that someone is choking? • Universal sign, coughing, wheezing, turning blue • What are the first aid steps for mild choking? • Encourage the person to cough it up • What are the first aid steps for conscious severe choking? • Perform 5 firm back blows followed by 5 abdominal thrusts (fist just above belly button, other hand over fist, pull sharply in and up). Repeat this process… • What are the first aid steps for someone who is choking and becomes unconscious? ...you will need to be able to show this skill! • Go through Check, Call, Care for unconscious choking adult

39. Breathing Emergencies What would you do?

40. Reminder Tips! • Ask the person if he/she is choking. • Be prepared for the person to become unconscious. • With an adult, when the first breath does not go in, tilt the head back further. • Check in the mouth for objects after using chest compressions to unblock the airway and BEFORE trying to give rescue breaths again. • Keep the jaw open with one hand while removing the object with the other hand. (tongue-jaw grab) • Go back to the ABC’s every time the situation changes.

41. Day 3 Circulation Emergencies

42. No Oxygen: Brain Cells Die Without oxygen, brain cells begin to die in 4 to 6 minutes. 0 minute: Breathing stops. Heart will soon stop beating. Clinical death. 4-6 minutes: Brain damage possible. 6-10 minutes: Brain damage likely. 10+ minutes: Irreversible brain damage certain. Biological death. Doing CPR “resets” the clock.

43. Anatomy and Physiology To upper body Aorta To lung To lung From lung From lung Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle From lower body To lower body

44. Chest Pain • Angina A blockage that opens up after a little bit and the pain goes away (temporarily). • Heart attack An artery that STAYS blocked, the pain remains, and the area of affected heart muscle starts to die. (aka – myocardial infarction) Partial blockage

45. Risk Factors for Developing Cardiovascular Disease Controllable factors: Major: • Smoking • Poor diet (cholesterol: HDL/LDL) • High blood pressure • Diabetes (*) Minor • Obesity • Stress • Lack of regular exercise • Other factors: • Gender • Heredity • Age • (Can’t do anything to change these ones!)

46. Signs and Symptoms of Heart Attack and Angina • Squeezing chest pain • Problems breathing • Abdominal or back pain (most commonly in women) • Cold, sweaty skin • Skin that is bluish or paler than normal • Nausea and vomiting • Denial Signs and symptoms vary from person to person.

47. 5P’s (Symptoms of Heart Attack/Angina) • Pain • Pale • Puking • Puffing • Pooped

48. First Aid – Heart Attack and Angina • Have the person rest. • Ask if they have taken any erectile dysfunction drugs. If they have, do not allow them to take nitroglycerin. • Help the person take their nitroglycerin and ASA. • Take one dose every 5 minutes (3 doses maximum). • If they don’t carry nitroglycerin, or if the first dose doesn’t make the pain go away, suggest they chew two 80 mg ASA tablets or one 325 mg ASA tablet.

49. Cardiac Arrest Causes: • Cardiovascular disease • Drowning • Suffocation • Certain drugs • Severe chest injuries • Severe blood loss • Electrocution Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating.

50. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) andAutomated External Defibrillation (AED) • Clinical death occurs when the heart stops. It is reversible. • CPR keeps oxygen-rich blood circulating throughout the body. • AED can deliver a shock to re-establish an effective rhythm. Quick defibrillation greatly increases chances of survival.