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Population Ecology

Population Ecology. What is population?. Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. Does population change?. Sea otters, kelp, and sea urchins. Kelp forests offer a habitat for sea otters Sea urchins feed on kelp Sea otters feed on sea urchins.

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Population Ecology

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  1. Population Ecology

  2. What is population? • Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

  3. Does population change? • Sea otters, kelp, and sea urchins

  4. Kelp forests offer a habitat for sea otters • Sea urchins feed on kelp • Sea otters feed on sea urchins

  5. Then come the hunters...

  6. What do you think happens when sea otters are hunted? • Sea urchins increase or decrease? • Kelp forest increase or decrease? • Sea otters are then placed on the endangered species list • So now what happens to the population of sea otter? • Starts to increase • How does this affect the kelp and the sea urchins? • Sea urchins start to get eaten again=decrease in # • Kelp increases b/c less sea urchins to eat them

  7. But now we have a new hunter….

  8. What happens to the sea otter, kelp, and sea urchins?

  9. What does this tell us about population? • Population changes • There are many factors that influence a population • Natural • Unnatural • Population density has a great impact on ecosystems

  10. 3 importantcharacteristicsof Population • Geographic Distribution • Density • Growth Rate ***Population Age structure is also an important characteristic

  11. Geographic Distribution • AKA Range • Describes an area inhabited by a population • Can vary • Few cubic centimeters • Kilometers of the ocean

  12. Density • # of individuals per unit area • Low density • Cactus in desert • High density • Other desert plants and succulents

  13. Math Time • Formula for calculating population density • Population density=Number of individuals units area • Problem: Suppose there are 150 bullfrogs living in a pond that covers an area of 3 square kilometers. What is the density of the bullfrog population? • 50 bullfrogs per square kilometer

  14. Growth Rate • Many factors affect growth rate

  15. 3 Factors that affect population size • # of births • # of deaths • # of individuals that enter or leave population Population will increase or decrease depending on # of individuals added or removed

  16. What happens to the population when we…. • Have more births than deaths? • Population increases • Have more deaths than births? • Population decreases • Have equal amounts of births and deaths? • Population remains constant

  17. Immigration • “im”= in • Migrate= to move from one place to another • Immigration is the individual movement into an area • Animals in search of mates and food in new areas

  18. Emigration • “E” means ‘out’ • Migrate means to move from one place to another • Emigrate means individuals moving out of one place and into another • Young wolves and bears leaving as they mature • Shortage of food

  19. Two types of growth • Exponential growth • Individuals reproduce at a constant rate • Logistic growth • Occurs when a populations growth slows or stops after a period of exponential growth

  20. Exponential Growth • Occurs under ideal conditions with unlimited resources • Think about exponents in math…. • Starts slowly then sky rockets to infinity • Our graph will look like a J • Bacteria

  21. Lets look at bacteria… • Bacteria reproduce by splitting in half • Bacteria have a doubling time of 30 minutes • If you start will one bacterium, how many bacteria will there be after the first 30 minutes? • 2 • After an hour? • 4 • After an hour and a half? • 8 • After two hours? • 16 • After 15 hours? • Over a billion

  22. Logistic Growth • As resources become less available, the growth of the population slows or stops • S-shape curve • What we usually see in nature

  23. Carrying Capacity • The largest number of individuals that a given environment can support • The part of the logistic graph after the exponential growth…the flattening out • The point at which this flat line reaches the y-axis is the size of the population when the growth rate reaches zero • This doesn’t mean the population stops growing • Many factors slow the growth of plants and animals…

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