Reform Movements in United States History 1830s-1920s

1. Reform Movements in United states history 1830’s; Populism; Progressives; Modern Era

2. Reforms of the 1730’s – 1760’s • The 1st Great Awakening A move away from predestination towards living as Jesus had instructed. Related Terms/People/Literature Arminianism – free will instead of predestination Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

3. Reform 1820’s-1850’s • The Second Great Awakening Preached that you were capable of self-improvement. Salvation through repentance. Each person had a duty to combat sin; lead to reform movements Related Terms/People/Literature Charles G. Finney Burned-over district Mormons; Millerites; Spiritualist; Shakers Growth of Baptist and Methodist is South

4. Reforms of 1820’s-1850’s • Education Reform Public Schools were formed to provide educational AND moral direction. Middle class families viewed it as a chance for advancement and to instill Protestant ethics. Save immigrants and poor children from bad influences and bad parents to influence good citizenship. Related Terms/People/Literature: Horace Mann

5. Reforms of 1820’s – 1850’s • Asylum/Prison Reform Reformers believed that all problems were correctable. This lead to many state supported prisons and asylums. Poor treatment/abuse of prisoners and patients lead to reform. Related Terms/People/Literature: Dorothea Dix

6. Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s Reform Turns Radical in the 1830’s • Women’s Movement Temperance Movement - Reform dedicated to the removal of alcohol from society due to rise in alcoholism, spousal abuse, and mismanagement of family funds. Women’s Equality – Seneca Falls Convention demanded women’s right to vote; rejected the Cult of Domesticity; gender equality

7. Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s • Women’s Movement Continued Related Terms/People/Literature: Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Sojouner Truth Clara Barton Dorothea Dix Seneca Falls Convention

8. Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s • Abolitionist Movement Abolition of slavery. Mostly appealed to small town citizens in the North. Related Terms/People/Literature William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator Frederick Douglass – The North Star Harriet Tubman – Underground Railroad Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin American Anti-Slave Society Liberty Party

9. Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s • Utopian Communities Reformers who grew tired of trying to reform society began their own ideal communities. Key Terms/People/Literature Robert Owen and Charles Fourier created socialist communities Shakers – believed in sexual equality and the 2nd coming of Christ Onieda Community – 2nd coming of Christ has already occurred which negates the need for moral rules; free love George Ripley formed a utopian society based on education

10. Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s • Transcendentalism Literary & philosophical idea that individuals can transcend reality & connect with universal spiritual forces Key Terms/People/Literature Henry David Thoreau – Walden Pond (advocated a utopia of 1); Civil Disobedience Ralph Waldo Emerson – Nature; Self-Reliance

11. Reform of 1880’s • Civil Service Reform Brought on by the spoils system and the growth of government during the Second Industrial Revolution Pendleton Act 1883 – merit based exams for civil service jobs • Women’s Christian Temperance Movement Fought for temperance, improvement in race relations and women’s right to vote. (Carrie Nation)

12. Populist Reforms 1880-1896 • Granger Movement They were angry at wholesalers, banks, and railroads (Eastern establishment) They established co-ops, banks and grain elevators. Granger movement died out in the 1870’s depression.

13. Populist Reforms 1880-1896 • National Farmer’s Alliance Ocala Demands: Free Coinage of Silver, railroad regulation, direct election of US Senators, national income tax, storage of grain in government silos when prices are low

14. Populist Reforms 1880-1896 • Populist Party Politically oriented group of agrarian farmers in the Midwest and South that formed a coalition with factory workers that advocated a wide range of economic and political legislation In addition to the Ocala Demands they wanted an 8 hour workday, break-up of monopolies, and immigration restrictions.

15. Populist Reforms 1880-1896 • Populist Party Key terms/people/literature Williams Jennings Bryan Bimetalism Bland Allison Act Sherman Silver Purchase Act *Populist ideas enacted by other parties: national income tax, direct election of US Senators, secret ballot. The movie, Wizard of Oz, is a populist allegory.

16. Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s • Began in cities to reform working conditions, living conditions and labor problems. • Themes: belief in progress, Social Gospel, government help to achieve goals, change environment to change people, and humanize industry and urbanization

17. Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s • Populist Movements • Prohibition – lead to 18th Amendment • Prostitution – raised moral conscience; many states outlawed brothels • Good Government Movement – fought to end local government corruption. Moved power away from party bosses to city councils and mayors. • Muckraking Journalism – Journalist used their craft to expose societal problems in many different areas.

18. Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s • Standardizing Education – assimilation of immigrants, creative intelligence • Women’s Movement – Women’s suffrage movement (19th Amendment); birth control education to help eliminate poverty • African-American Movement – racial equality; integrated schools etc. • Workers Movement – Union Movement

19. Progressive Presidents • Teddy Roosevelt – trust busting; industry regulations; conservation of land and resources; Department of Commerce and Labor; Big Stick Diplomacy • William Howard Taft – trust buster; safety codes for miners; Children’s Bureau; split the Department of Commerce and Labor into two separate departments; Dollar Diplomacy • Woodrow Wilson – graduated income tax; Federal Reserve Act; Clayton Anti-Trust Act; 16-20th Amendments; Moral Diplomacy

20. Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s • Key terms/people/literature Settlement houses Jane Hull Social Gospel Mugwumps Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives Henry George – Progress and Poverty (showed the gap between rich and poor)

21. Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s • Key terms/people/literature Lincoln Steffan – Shame of the Cities (exposed city political machine corruption) Ida Tarbell – History of Standard Oil (exposed Rockefeller’s ruthless business practices) Upton Sinclair – The Jungle (exposed unsanitary conditions of meatpacking industry which would lead to the Pure Food and Drug Act) John Dewey – Education reform

22. Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s • Key terms/people/literature Margaret Sanger Booker T. Washington – Atlanta Compromise Speech WEB DuBois – Niagara Movement NAACP Samuel Gompers – American Federation of Labor Women’s Trade Union Industrial Workers of the World Triangle Shirtwaist Comapany

23. Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s • Key terms/people/literature Initiatives, referendums, and recalls Robert La Follette – Wisconsin Governor