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Liquids and Solids

Liquids and Solids. Changes of State. Objectives. Explain the relationship between equilibrium and changes of state Define Le Chatelier’s Principle. Predict changes in equilibrium using Le Chatelier’s Principle. Dry Ice Balloon Explosion (Very Loud Bang) - YouTube. Equilibrium.

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Liquids and Solids

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  1. Liquids and Solids Changes of State

  2. Objectives • Explain the relationship between equilibrium and changes of state • Define Le Chatelier’s Principle. • Predict changes in equilibrium using Le Chatelier’s Principle. Dry Ice Balloon Explosion (Very Loud Bang) - YouTube

  3. Equilibrium Equilibrium – a dynamic state in which two opposing changes occur at equal rates in a closed system. Changes of State solid  liquid melting solid  gas sublimation liquid  solid freezing liquid  gas vaporization gas  liquid condensation gas  solid deposition

  4. An Equilibrium Equation • Evaporation of a liquid Liquid + energy  vapor • Condensation of a liquid Vapor  liquid + energy • Liquid-vapor equilibrium liquid + energy vapor

  5. Le Chatelier’s Principle A system at equilibrium will shift to offset a stress or change in conditions imposed on the system.

  6. Equilibrium and Temperature liquid + energy vapor

  7. Equilibrium and Concentration liquid + energy vapor

  8. Equilibrium Vapor Pressure • Pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its corresponding liquid at a given temperature -an increase in temperature causes an increase in equilibrium vapor pressure; result of increased K.E. of the liquid particles.

  9. Volatile Liquid – a liquid that readily evaporates at room temp.; liquids with low intermolecular forces. Volatile and Non-volatile liquids

  10. Boiling Boiling… …occurs when the equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure …conversion of a liquid to a vapor within the liquid as well as at the surface. Normal Boiling Point: boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure (100oC for water)

  11. Boiling

  12. Energy and Boiling

  13. Molar Heat of Vaporization • The amount of energy needed to vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at its boiling point

  14. Freezing and Melting Freezing: Liquid  solid + heat energy Melting: Solid + heat energy  liquid Normal freezing point: temperature at which a solid and liquid are at equilbrium at standard pressure (0oC for water Molar Heat of Fusion – energy required to melt one mole of a solid at its melting point.

  15. Phase Diagram Triple Point – temperature and pressure conditions at which the solid, liquid, and gas phases of a substance can coexist at equilibrium Critical temperature - temperature above which a substance cannot exist in the liquid phase. Critical pressure – the lowest pressure at which a substance can exist as a liquid at the critical temperature.

  16. Phase Diagram for CO2

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