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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Introduction to the Study of Cells Organization at the Cellular Level Cell Membranes and the Fluid Mosaic Model Transport Across Membranes Cell Signaling ] The Nucleus and Ribosomes Organization at the Cellular Level Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Organelles Organization at the Cellular Level(continued) The Cytoskeleton External Cellular Components ] Organization at the Cellular Level Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  6. Organization at the Cellular Level > Introduction to the Study of Cells Introduction to the Study of Cells • Cells as the Basic Unit of Life Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/organization-at-the-cellular-level-3/introduction-to-the-study-of-cells-40/

  7. Organization at the Cellular Level > Cell Membranes and the Fluid Mosaic Model Cell Membranes and the Fluid Mosaic Model • Components of Plasma Membranes • Fluid Mosaic Model • Membrane Fluidity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/organization-at-the-cellular-level-3/cell-membranes-and-the-fluid-mosaic-model-41/

  8. Organization at the Cellular Level > Transport Across Membranes Transport Across Membranes • Diffusion • Osmosis • Tonicity • Facilitated transport • The Role of Passive Transport • Primary Active Transport • Electrochemical Gradient • Secondary Active Transport • Endocytosis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/organization-at-the-cellular-level-3/transport-across-membranes-42/

  9. Organization at the Cellular Level > Cell Signaling Cell Signaling • Types of Receptors Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/organization-at-the-cellular-level-3/cell-signaling-43/

  10. Organization at the Cellular Level > The Nucleus and Ribosomes The Nucleus and Ribosomes • The Nucleus and Ribosomes • Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/organization-at-the-cellular-level-3/the-nucleus-and-ribosomes-44/

  11. Organization at the Cellular Level > Organelles Organelles • The Plasma Membrane and the Cytoplasm • The Endoplasmic Reticulum • The Golgi Apparatus • Lysosomes • Peroxisomes • Mitochondria Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/organization-at-the-cellular-level-3/organelles-45/

  12. Organization at the Cellular Level > The Cytoskeleton The Cytoskeleton • Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules • Microfilaments Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/organization-at-the-cellular-level-3/the-cytoskeleton-46/

  13. Organization at the Cellular Level > External Cellular Components External Cellular Components • Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells • Intercellular Junctions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/organization-at-the-cellular-level-3/external-cellular-components-47/

  14. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Organization at the Cellular Level Key terms • actinA globular structural protein that polymerizes in a helical fashion to form an actin filament (or microfilament). • active transportmovement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration) facilitated by ATP conversion • adenosine triphosphatea multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of energy currency" in intracellular energy transfer • adenosine triphosphatea multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of energy currency" in intracellular energy transfer • alpha-proteobacteriaA taxonomic class within the phylum Proteobacteria — the phototropic proteobacteria. • amphiphilicHaving one surface consisting of hydrophilic amino acids and the opposite surface consisting of hydrophobic (or lipophilic) ones. • cellThe basic unit of a living organism, consisting of a quantity of protoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane, which is able to synthesize proteins and replicate itself. • chromatina complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins within the cell nucleus out of which chromosomes condense during cell division • cofactoran inorganic molecule that is necessary for an enzyme to function • collagenAny of more than 28 types of glycoprotein that forms elongated fibers, usually found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. • concentration gradientA concentration gradient is present when a membrane separates two different concentrations of molecules. • concentration gradientA concentration gradient is present when a membrane separates two different concentrations of molecules. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Organization at the Cellular Level • connexonAn assembly of six connexins forming a bridge called a gap junction between the cytoplasms of two adjacent cells. • cytoskeletonA cellular structure like a skeleton, contained within the cytoplasm. • diffusionThe passive movement of a solute across a permeable membrane • electrochemical gradientThe difference in charge and chemical concentration across a membrane. • electrogenic pumpAn ion pump that generates a net charge flow as a result of its activity. • endosomeAn endocytic vacuole through which molecules internalized during endocytosis pass en route to lysosomes • enzymea globular protein that catalyses a biological chemical reaction • enzymea globular protein that catalyses a biological chemical reaction • eukaryoticHaving complex cells in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. • eukaryoticHaving complex cells in which the genetic material is contained within membrane-bound nuclei. • extracellular matrixAll the connective tissues and fibres that are not part of a cell, but rather provide support. • facilitated diffusionThe spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane integral proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Organization at the Cellular Level • filamentousHaving the form of threads or filaments • flagelluma flagellum is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • fluidityA measure of the extent to which something is fluid. The reciprocal of its viscosity. • free radicalAny molecule, ion or atom that has one or more unpaired electrons; they are generally highly reactive and often only occur as transient species. • histoneany of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin • hydrophilicHaving an affinity for water; able to absorb, or be wetted by water, "water-loving." • hydrophobicLacking an affinity for water; unable to absorb, or be wetted by water, "water-fearing." • hypertonichaving a greater osmotic pressure than another • hypertonichaving a greater osmotic pressure than another • hypotonicHaving a lower osmotic pressure than another; a cell in this environment causes water to enter the cell, causing it to swell. • hypotonicHaving a lower osmotic pressure than another; a cell in this environment causes water to enter the cell, causing it to swell. • integral proteina protein molecule (or assembly of proteins) that is permanently attached to the biological membrane Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  18. Organization at the Cellular Level • isotonichaving the same osmotic pressure • lumenThe cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. • lysosomeAn organelle found in all types of animal cells which contains a large range of digestive enzymes capable of splitting most biological macromolecules. • membrane proteinProteins that are attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle. • microtubuleSmall tubes made of protein and found in cells; part of the cytoskeleton • myosina large family of motor proteins found in eukaryotic tissues, allowing mobility in muscles • Na+-K+ ATPaseAn enzyme located in the plasma membrane of all animal cells that pumps sodium out of cells while pumping potassium into cells. • neutrophilA cell, especially a white blood cell that consumes foreign invaders in the blood. • nucleolusa conspicuous, rounded, non-membrane bound body within the nucleus of a cell • occludinTogether with the claudin group of proteins, it is the main component of the tight junctions. • organelleA specialized structure found inside cells that carries out a specific life process (e.g. ribosomes, vacuoles). • osmolarityThe osmotic concentration of a solution, normally expressed as osmoles of solute per litre of solution. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  19. Organization at the Cellular Level • osmosisThe net movement of solvent molecules from a region of high solvent potential to a region of lower solvent potential through a partially permeable membrane • passive transportA movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across membranes that does not require an input of chemical energy. • permeableOf or relating to substance, substrate, membrane or material that absorbs or allows the passage of fluids. • phospholipidAny lipid consisting of a diglyceride combined with a phosphate group and a simple organic molecule such as choline or ethanolamine; they are important constituents of biological membranes • phospholipidAny lipid consisting of a diglyceride combined with a phosphate group and a simple organic molecule such as choline or ethanolamine; they are important constituents of biological membranes • photosynthesisthe process by which plants and other photoautotrophs generate carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy in chloroplasts • plasma membraneThe semipermeable barrier that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. • plasmodesmaA microscopic channel traversing the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them. • prokaryoticSmall cells in the domains Bacteria and Archaea that do not contain a membrane-bound nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. • proteoglycanAny of many glycoproteins that have heteropolysaccharide side chains • receptorA protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell. • reticulumA network Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  20. Organization at the Cellular Level • secondary active transportA method of transport in which the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions out of the cell is used to transport molecules across a membrane. • semipermeable membraneA type of biological membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally by specialized facilitated diffusion • soluteAny substance that is dissolved in a liquid solvent to create a solution • transcriptionthe synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA • vesicleA membrane-bound compartment found in a cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  21. Organization at the Cellular Level Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis Ribosomes are made up of a large subunit (top) and a small subunit (bottom). During protein synthesis, ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  22. Organization at the Cellular Level Animal Cells Despite their fundamental similarities, there are some striking differences between animal and plant cells.Animal cells have centrioles, centrosomes, and lysosomes, whereas plant cells do not. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 22, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m45432/latest/View on Boundless.com

  23. Organization at the Cellular Level Eukaryotic Nucleus The nucleus stores chromatin (DNA plus proteins) in a gel-like substance called the nucleoplasm.The nucleolus is a condensed region of chromatin where ribosome synthesis occurs.The boundary of the nucleus is called the nuclear envelope.It consists of two phospholipid bilayers: an outer membrane and an inner membrane.The nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.Nuclear pores allow substances to enter and exit the nucleus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Organization at the Cellular Level The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane describes the plasma membrane as a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. Carbohydrates attached to lipids (glycolipids) and to proteins (glycoproteins) extend from the outward-facing surface of the membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Components and Structure. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44416/latest/Figure_05_01_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Organization at the Cellular Level Phagocytosis In phagocytosis, the cell membrane surrounds the particle and engulfs it. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bulk Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44419/latest/Figure_05_04_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Organization at the Cellular Level Pinocytosis In pinocytosis, the cell membrane invaginates, surrounds a small volume of fluid, and pinches off. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bulk Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44419/latest/Figure_05_04_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Organization at the Cellular Level Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Rice University."The Cytoskeleton."CC BYhttp://naginata.cnx.rice.edu:9090/content/m10006/latest/View on Boundless.com

  28. Organization at the Cellular Level G-proteins Heterotrimeric G proteins have three subunits: α, β, and γ. When a signaling molecule binds to a G-protein-coupled receptor in the plasma membrane, a GDP molecule associated with the α subunit is exchanged for GTP. The β and γ subunits dissociate from the α subunit, and a cellular response is triggered either by the α subunit or the dissociated β pair. Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP terminates the signal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/Figure_09_01_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Organization at the Cellular Level Membrane Fluidity The plasma membrane is a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. Carbohydrates attached to lipids (glycolipids) and to proteins (glycoproteins) extend from the outward-facing surface of the membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Components and Structure. October 28, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44416/latest/#fig-ch05_01_03View on Boundless.com

  30. Organization at the Cellular Level The Extracellular Matrix The extracellular matrix consists of a network of proteins and carbohydrates. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/Figure_04_06_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Organization at the Cellular Level Secondary Active Transport An electrochemical gradient, created by primary active transport, can move other substances against their concentration gradients, a process called co-transport or secondary active transport. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest/Figure_05_03_04.pngView on Boundless.com

  32. Organization at the Cellular Level Plant Cells Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 22, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m45432/latest/View on Boundless.com

  33. Organization at the Cellular Level The nucleus stores the hereditary material of the cell The nucleus is the control center of the cell. The nucleus of living cells contains the genetic material that determines the entire structure and function of that cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Nucleus and DNA Replication. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46073/latest/View on Boundless.com

  34. Organization at the Cellular Level Changes in Cell Shape Due to Dissolved Solutes Osmotic pressure changes the shape of red blood cells in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44417/latest/Figure_05_02_07.pngView on Boundless.com

  35. Organization at the Cellular Level The Components and functions of the Plasma Membrane The principal components of a plasma membrane are lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins, and carbohydrates attached to some of the lipids and some of the proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 29, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44416/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  36. Organization at the Cellular Level Uniporters, Symporters, and Antiporters A uniporter carries one molecule or ion. A symporter carries two different molecules or ions, both in the same direction. An antiporter also carries two different molecules or ions, but in different directions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest/Figure_05_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. Organization at the Cellular Level Active Transport of Sodium and Potassium Primary active transport moves ions across a membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient (electrogenic transport). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest/Figure_05_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Organization at the Cellular Level Various Cell Types (a) Nasal sinus cells (viewed with a light microscope), (b) onion cells (viewed with a light microscope), and (c) Vibrio tasmaniensis bacterial cells (seen through a scanning electron microscope) are from very different organisms, yet all share certain characteristics of basic cell structure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44404/latest/Figure_04_00_00.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Organization at the Cellular Level Mitochondrial structure This electron micrograph shows a mitochondrion as viewed with a transmission electron microscope. This organelle has an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The inner membrane contains folds, called cristae, which increase its surface area. The space between the two membranes is called the intermembrane space, and the space inside the inner membrane is called the mitochondrial matrix. ATP synthesis takes place on the inner membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. Organization at the Cellular Level Channel Proteins in Facilitated Transport Facilitated transport moves substances down their concentration gradients. They may cross the plasma membrane with the aid of channel proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44417/latest/Figure_05_02_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  41. Organization at the Cellular Level Diffusion Diffusion through a permeable membrane moves a substance from an area of high concentration (extracellular fluid, in this case) down its concentration gradient (into the cytoplasm). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44417/latest/Figure_05_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. Organization at the Cellular Level DNA is highly organized This image shows various levels of the organization of chromatin (DNA and protein). Along the chromatin threads, unwound protein-chromosome complexes, we find DNA wrapped around a set of histone proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  43. Organization at the Cellular Level The Golgi apparatus sorts and packages cellular products The Golgi apparatus in this white blood cell is visible as a stack of semicircular, flattened rings in the lower portion of the image. Several vesicles can be seen near the Golgi apparatus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Endomembrane System and Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44435/latest/Figure_04_04_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  44. Organization at the Cellular Level Electrochemical Gradient Electrochemical gradients arise from the combined effects of concentration gradients and electrical gradients. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest/Figure_05_03_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  45. Organization at the Cellular Level Lysosomes digest foreign substances that might harm the cell A macrophage has engulfed (phagocytized) a potentially pathogenic bacterium and then fuses with a lysosomes within the cell to destroy the pathogen. Other organelles are present in the cell but for simplicity are not shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Endomembrane System and Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44435/latest/Figure_04_04_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  46. Organization at the Cellular Level Microfilaments are the thinnest component of the cytoskeleton. Microfilaments are made of two intertwined strands of actin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Cytoskeleton. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44412/latest/Figure_04_05_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  47. Organization at the Cellular Level Plasmodesmata A plasmodesma is a channel between the cell walls of two adjacent plant cells. Plasmodesmata allow materials to pass from the cytoplasm of one plant cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/Figure_04_06_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. Organization at the Cellular Level Tight Junctions Tight junctions form watertight connections between adjacent animal cells. Proteins create tight junction adherence. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/Figure_04_06_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  49. Organization at the Cellular Level Desmosomes A desmosome forms a very strong spot weld between cells. It is created by the linkage of cadherins and intermediate filaments. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/Figure_04_06_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  50. Organization at the Cellular Level Stained Keratin Intermediate filaments Keratin cytoskeletal intermediate filaments are concentrated around the edge of the cells and merge into the surface membrane. This network of intermediate filaments from cell to cell holds together tissues like skin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Epithelial-cells."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epithelial-cells.jpgView on Boundless.com

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