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Solar Neutrinos, Neutrino Cross Sections, and NUSEL Developments

This text explores the role of solar neutrinos, the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy, and the latest advancements in neutrino research. Topics include solar energy generation, the Homestake and Sudbury Neutrino Observatories, and the potential applications of solar neutrino experiments in various fields.

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Solar Neutrinos, Neutrino Cross Sections, and NUSEL Developments

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  1. Solar Neutrinos, Neutrino Cross Sections, and NUSEL Developments A.B. Balantekin ORNL SNS Workshop August 28, 2003

  2. Puzzles where neutrinos may play a role • What is the Dark Matter made of? • What is Dark Energy? • How much neutrinos contribute and why? (what is  ?) • What happened to all the anti-matter?

  3. Solar Energy Generation 4 p  alpha particle + 2 positrons + 26.7 MeV 97% is emitted as photons, 3% as neutrinos

  4. 1854 von Helmholtz gravitational 1920 Eddington nuclear fusion “We do not argue with the critic who urges that the stars are not hot enough for this process; we tell him to go and find a hotter place.” 1938 Bethe and Critchfield p+p2H +e++e 1946 Pontecorvotheidea of using chlorine as detector 1964 DavischlorinedetectoratHomestakeBahcallStandardSolar Model“..to see into the interior of a star and thus verify directly the hypothesis of nuclear energy generation..” Where does the Energy of the Sun come from?

  5. Neutrinos from the Sun

  6. Neutrinos from the Sun

  7. The Homestake Experiment 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics

  8. Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

  9. SNO e + d  p + p + e- CC e + e  e + e ES x + d  x + p + n NC

  10. Results from SNO • Fluxes (106 cm-2s-1) • e : 1.76(11) • , : 3.41(66) • TOTAL:5.09(64) • SSM :5.05

  11. Physics Potential of Solar Neutrino Experiments • Neutrino Physics - Neutrino masses and mixings, A.B. Balantekin and H. Yuksel, JPG 29, 665 (2003) (hep-ph/0301072). • Solar Physics - Solar temperature and density. A.B. Balantekin and H. Yuksel, PRD 68, 013006 (2003) (hep-ph/0303169). • Nuclear Physics - Axial two-body current. A.B. Balantekin and H. Yuksel, (hep-ph/0307227).

  12. A global analysis of the solar neutrino data Balantekin & Yuksel hep-ph/0301072

  13. KamLAND e + p  n + e+

  14. Solar + KamLAND Global Analysis

  15. 3 parameter Global Fits to Solar Neutrino Experiments And KamLAND for different values of 13 Balantekin and Yuksel, hep-ph/0301072

  16. Effective Field Theories Goal: to integrate the undesired degrees of freedom  But ~  Hence introduce counter-terms consistent with the symmetries of the theory to cancel the infinities.

  17. EFT applied to neutrino capture • Deuteron break-up : e + d  e- + p + p x + d  x + p + n 3S1  3S0 transition dominates and one only needs the coefficient of the two-body counter term, L1A. (Butler and Chen) • p + p  d + e + e+ ”Calibrating the Sun”

  18. Balantekin and Yuksel, 2003

  19. Balantekin and Yuksel, 2003

  20. Balantekin and Yuksel, 2003

  21. National Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory

  22. Solar Neutrinos Double -decay Dark Matter Nucleon Decay Atmospheric neutrinos Long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments Supernova ’s Nuclear astrophysics Geoscience Materials Development and Technology Monitoring nuclear tests. Microbiology Science Underground

  23. Where do we stand? A perspective

  24. Fundamental discoveries are recently made • SNO, 2002: Discovery of the non-electron neutrino component of the solar flux ( neutrino oscillations); measurement of the total solar neutrino flux. • SuperK, 1998:Discovery of atmospheric neutrino flux variations ( neutrino oscillations). • Baksan, Kamioka, IMB, 1987: Detection of neutrinos from Supernova 1987A (neutrino flux consistent with neutron star binding energy, cooling time is near that expected). • Irvine, 1987: Detection of two-neutrino double-beta decay. • MSW, 1986: Recognition that matter enhances neutrino oscillations.

  25. ..that broadly impact physics, astronomy, and cosmology • Massive neutrinos: Beyond the Standard Model of elementary particles. • Neutrino mixing angles are close to maximal: Impacts on leptogenesis; explosion mechanism and nucleosynthesis in core-collapse supernovae. • Total solar neutrino flux is measured: The theory of main sequence stellar evolution is verified. • Direct neutrino mass measurements: Neutrino component of dark matter. Sloan DDS analysis requires a knowledge of neutrino mass at ≈ 0.3 eV

  26. Neutrino Astrophysics and Cosmology

  27. Open questions in neutrino physics • What is the absolute scale of neutrino masses? Direct mass measurements. • Why are the mixing angles so large? What is 13? Is CP violated in the neutrino sector? Is this the origin of the CP violation needed to explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe? Real-time solar neutrino experiments, very-long baseline experiments. • Do sterile neutrinos exist?

  28. Open questions… • What is the behavior of neutrinos under charge-conjugation (Dirac vs. Majorana)? Is neutrino its own antiparticle? Double beta decay experiments • What is the role of neutrinos in core-collapse supernovae? SN neutrino detectors, MiniBooNE • Is CPT violated?

  29. Open questions… • Can we do astrophysics with neutrinos? Measure solar properties? Learn about the interior of the supernovae?

  30. Neutrino-nucleus cross-sections • A rich physics program, only - C is reasonably well-known. • Detector response 16O, Ga, Mo, Xe, Pb • Input into supernova modeling, Fe peak • Fundamental physics, strangeness content of the proton • Tests of effective field theories, e + d  p + p (related to p + p  d + e “calibrating the Sun”)

  31. Direct Measurements of the Neutrino Mass KATRIN proposal

  32. Double Beta Decay • Probes the charge-conjugation properties of neutrino: (A,Z)  (A,Z+2) + e+ + e- + e + e Is lepton number-violating: mMaj =  i Uei2 mi

  33. Why go deep?

  34. Depth requirements are driven by improvements in experimentalsensitivity

  35. NUSL Overview (cross-section) Yates Shaft and Complex Science Operations Ross Shaft and Complex Mining and Operations Oro Hondo Exhaust Ellison Exhaust No.5 Shaft Air Intake No. 3 Shaft No. 4 Shaft No. 6 Shaft Service Shaft 4850’ 4850’ 6200’ No. 7 Shaft 6800’ Proposed YatesShaft Ext. 7400’ 8000’ 7400’Laboratory Area

  36. Neutrinos in Cosmology •  = 1 (Inflation) • Primordial neutrinos as one component of the dark matter : • 3Hbeta decay  0.003 closure≤  ≤ 0.20 closure

  37. Neutrinos from core-collapse supernovae • Mprog ≥ 8 MSun • E ≈ 1053 ergs ≈ 1059 MeV • 99% of the energy is carried away by neutrinos and antineutrinos with 10 ≤ E ≤ 30 MeV • 1059 Neutrinos!

  38. Why do we have a baryon excess over antibaryons in the Universe? Baryogenesis conditions (Sakharov): 1. Baryon number non-conservation 2. CP-violation 3. Non-equilibrium conditions Is the CP-violation necessary for this hidden in the neutrino sector?

  39. CP-violation in neutrino oscillations

  40. Very Long Baseline Experiments

  41. SNS and NUSEL are complementary playing a leading role in nuclear astrophysics

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