Florida Atlantic University College of Education

1. Spring 2014 - SCE 4350 Principles and Methods: K-9 School Science Florida Atlantic UniversityCollege of Education Instructor: Dr. Ronald C. Persin University of Pittsburgh, B.S. Duquesne University, M. Ed. Florida Atlantic University, Ed.D. Phone : 561-251-1479 Email: rpersin@fau.edu Website: www.Lnk2Lrn.com (Office Hours by Appointment)

2. Materials Needed For EACH Class • 3-Ring Binder • Scientific Calculator • Settlage Text • Sciencesaurus (Supplies: lined paper, pens, pencils)

3. How to Set-up Your 3-Ring Binder (Section Dividers) Syllabus Classnotes Handouts Inquiry Activities Assignments Reading Questions

4. REQUIRED TEXTS YOU SHOULD HAVE YOUR TEXTS BY NOW Settlage, J. & Southerland, S. (2011) Teaching science to every child: Using culture as a starting point. Routledge. ISBN: 0415892589 Sciencesaurus: Student handbook. (2005) Houghton Mifflin Company. (Green Text) ISBN-13: 9780669529166 

5. Sciences of SCE 4350(matching exercise) • Physics • Chemistry • Earth and Space • Environmental • Biology Behavior and properties of the elements in nature. Relationship between humans and their surroundings. Study of living things (plants & animals). Study of matter and energy. Structure of the Earth and its place in the Universe.

6. Does the color of food or drinks affect whether or not we choose them? Does music have an affect on plant growth? Which kind of material is best for magnetic shielding? Which paper towel brand is the strongest? What is the best way to keep an ice cube from melting? Can background noise levels affect how well we concentrate? Do cellphone batteries charge at a uniform rate? What is the best way to keep cut flowers fresh the longest? Does the color of light used on plants affect how well they grow? Which candle color burns fastest? The Scientific Method • Define the problem • Gather information • State your hypothesis • Test your hypothesis • Form your conclusion • Publish your results

7. Project Board

8. Science is the study of the natural world in order to understand it.(NSES, 1996.)Branches: Biology, Chemistry, Earth & Space, Environmental, Mathematics, Physics, Social, and Computer Science. Science vs. Technology Technology is the application science to the natural world according to human wants and needs. (ITEA, 2000) Apps: Organ cultures, Synthroid, Voyager 2, Sustainability, Data mining, Nuclear power, Crowd sourcing, and Apps.

9. Science involves: • Building theories and models • Constructing experiments • Interpreting data • Ex: What is the average thickness of a sheet of paper?

10. Using processes to alter/change the natural world, such as Invention Innovation Practical Problem Solving Design (Helicopter) Technology involves:

11. Whether A Field is a Science is Based on 6 Criteria • Has an organized body of knowledge • Results are reproducible • Has well-developed experimental methods • Enables predictions, including surprises • Offers hypotheses open to falsification • Deals with natural objects

12. Keeping Science Explanations Simple Occam's razor is the principle that “entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity.” That is, the simplest explanation is usually the correct one. The principle is attributed to 14th-century English scientist/mathematician William of Ockham. Ex. – Crop Circles (made by UFO’s or people?)

13. The Nature of Inquiry • Asking questions • Planning investigations • Gathering data • Using scientific knowledge to make sense of data • Communicating results to others Ex. What is the average speed of falling object?

14. Common Core and ScienceStandards defining the knowledge and skills that students from K-12th grade need to master to be prepared for the next grade, and ultimately college or work. (See the list.) NGSS: Eight scientific and engineering practices that students should engage in throughout their K-12 education. These practices represent the skills that scientists and engineers use. (See the list.)

15. NGSS Student Practices 1. Asking Questions and Defining Problems 2. Developing and Using Models3. Planning and Carrying out Investigations4. Analyzing and Interpreting Data5. Using Mathematics, Information and Computer Technology, and Computational Thinking6. Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions7. Engaging in Argument from Evidence8. Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information

16. Students in grades K-8 can do more in science. Agreement is needed on topics to emphasize in teaching. Science classrooms need to provide opportunities for students to engage in inquiry. Good science teaching requires more than knowledge of content. Science teaching requires cultural awareness. Key Ideas From the Settlage Text

17. How to Represent Knowledge (Settlage text): A Concept Map presents the relationships among a set of connected concepts and ideas. Concepts are enclosed in a rectangle (box), and connected to other concept boxes by arrows. A word or brief phrase defines the relationship. (example) Mnemonics (pronounced "ne-mon'-ics") is the art of assisting the memory by using a system of artificial aids - rhymes, rules, phrases. All help in the recall of names, dates, facts and figures. (example)

18. Recent Major Developments in Science • Landing of astronauts on the Moon, and numerous space missions. • Micro-circuitry and high-speed computers. • Imaging techniques used in scientific research and medicine. • Mapping the Human Genome.

19. Created in 1795 by the French Academy of Science to unify existing systems. Original meter was one ten-millionth of the distance from North Pole to Equator along Prime Meridian. In the early1900’s this was changed to a certain number of wavelengths of light from Kr-86. (605.78 nm) The Metric System

20. Prefix Symbol Power Example nano n 10-9 nanometer micro µ 10-6 microsecond milli m 10-3 milligram centi c 10-2 centimeter (Examples of each? Think Metric!) giga G 109 gigabyte mega M 106 megawatt kilo k 103 kilogram Some Metric Prefixes

21. Used to write numbers in compact form move the decimal to show a value in the range of 1 to 10 include the metric prefix to indicate the number of decimal places moved (more examples) Proper SI form 325,000,000 m = ____ Mm

22. The 7 Basic SI Units 1. Meter - length 2. Kilogram - mass 3. Second - time 4. Kelvin - temperature Basic units of the SI System (Système International). All others are derived (area, speed, density, …) 5. Ampere - electric current 6. Candela - luminous intensity 7. Mole - amount of substance

23. Significant digits The digits reported to indicate the precision of the measuring instrument Calculations must not have more significant digits than the least precise value Ex. Find the area 16.2 cm 2.791 cm A = ___ (more examples, circles, triangles, …)

24. Metric Metric powers of 10 move decimal point Ex. 1 kg = ____ g English Metric conversion factors proportion method unit cancellation method Ex. 1 in. = 2.54 cm. 10 in. = _____ cm. (more examples) Converting measurements

25. 35 cm 2.54 cm = X 1 in Proportion method 35.0 cm = ? inches (given that 1 in. = 2.54 cm) Set up in proportion Cross multiply 2.54 X = (1  35) X = 35/2.54 = 13.77953 Therefore, 35.0 cm ≈ 13.8 in. Round to Sig. Digits

26. Problem Solving (5 steps) What is given? Identify the unknown Write the formula relating unknown to known Solve the formula for the unknown Substitute-in the known data and simplify Ex. – The density of gold is 19.6 g/cm³. Find the mass of 10.0 cm³ of gold. Equation: D = m/V .

27. Used for expressing very large or very small values Standard Form is base x 10exponent base is from 1.0 to 9.999… if exponent is positive the value is greater than 1 if exponent is negative the value is less than 1 Ex. - Write 1 AU, 149,000,000,000 m, in standard form. Expanded Form - move decimal point the number of places given by the exponent Ex. - Write the Speed of Light, 3.0x108 m/s, in expanded form. (more examples) Scientific Notation

28. Graphing Data Ex. How Number of Swimmers Relate to Air Temperature • Rules: • Independent Variable – x axis. 3. Construct Line of Best Fit. • Dependent Variable – y axis. (another example)

29. Content Review of SCE 4350 Sciences Biology – study of living things, with Botany as the study of plants and Zoology as the study of animals. 5 axioms: • The cell is the basic unit of life. • Genes are the basic unit of heredity. • Evolution determines the synthesis and creation of new species. • All organisms consume and transform energy. • Organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain a stable condition (homeostasis).

30. Chemistry – study of the behavior and properties of the elements (118) in nature. Major Subdivisions: Organic - study of compounds (nucleic acids, fats, fuels, sugars, proteins) containing Carbon with Hydrogen. Inorganic - the study of those (salts, metals, minerals) with Carbon or Hydrogen.

31. Earth & Space – study of the structure of the Earth and its place in the Universe. Basic Facts: • Halley’s Comet appears once every 76 years. • The Great Red Spot on Jupiter is a hurricane-like storm detected in the early 1600′s. • A piece of a neutron star the size of a pin point would weigh 1 million tons. • There are over 100 billion galaxies in the Universe. • Scientists estimate that Earth is ≈ 4.5 billion years old. (ES Week)

32. Environmental Science – study of the relationships between humans and their surroundings. Basic Facts: • Rainforests are being cut down at the rate of 100 acres per minute. • On average, it costs $30 per ton to recycle trash, $50 to send it to the landfill, and $70 to incinerate it. • A modern glass bottle would take over 4000 years to decompose. An aluminum can could be recycled indefinitely. • Plastic bags and other plastics thrown into the ocean kill about 1 million sea creatures every year. • The amount of wood and paper we throw away each year can heat 50 million homes for 20 years. (SCIGO)

33. Physics – the study of the relationship between matter and energy. Basic Facts: • Founded by Isaac Newton (1642-1727) who explained 3 Laws of Motion and Universal Gravitation. 2. Energy is the ability to do work, and measured in Joules.. 3. The 2 types of energy are Kinetic (due to motion, K = ½ mv²), and Potential (due to position, U = mgh). 4. Forms of energy are mechanical, electricity, magnetism, light, heat, sound, chemical, and nuclear. All can be inter-converted. 5. Matter can be converted to energy, E = mc². (Games.)

34. University of Aahaus, Denmark Her work involves slowing down light to 17 m/s in an ultra-cold gas. Spent 7 months at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics near Geneva. Now teaches at Harvard. Scientists of Today Dr. Lene Vestergaard “After I discovered quantum physics, I've been hooked ever since. I would rather do science than go to the movies.”

35. Born in Hong Kong Graduated from Vassar, Summa Cum Laude and Phi Beta Kappa. Then, Ph.D. from Harvard. At MIT, she played a key role in the discovery of the gluon, the particle that holds quarks together to form protons and neutrons. “Reading the biography of Marie Curie inspired me so much that I decided to devote my life to science.” Dr. Sau Lan Wu

36. Dr. Edward Witten, Ph.D. Brandeis University, B.S. in Physics and Mathematics. Princeton, M.S., and Ph.D. in Physics. Then to Harvard for teaching and research. Appointed professor of Physics at Princeton. Now, Professor in the School of Natural Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. Leading proponent of String Theory. (He could be our modern day Einstein.) “If you are a researcher, you are trying to figure out what the question is as well as what the answer is.”

37. First tenured woman in physics at Princeton, Harvard and now at MIT. Most cited theoretical physicist in the world in the last five years. Research in high energy physics is primarily related to finding the smallest particles of matter. Dr. Lisa Randall “I liked math because all the problems had answers. Everything else seemed very subjective. Early on, I realized I was thinking about the world a little differently than my friends.”

38. In a Bronx, N.Y., high school where the dropout rate was 60 percent, a guidance counselor declined to give Stephon Alexander an application to an Ivy League university. "You won't get in," Alexander recalls the counselor saying. But Alexander proved the counselor wrong. After a BS at Haverford and a Ph.D. in Physics from Brown University, the counselor appears to have gotten it wrong. After his Ph.D., Alexander was at London's Imperial College. Currently he is a member of the SLAC high energy physics group and Stanford's ITP (Institute for Theoretical Physics). Stephon Alexander

39. Member of SuperNova/Acceleration Prove (SNAP) mission at Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Professor at the University of Alabama, continuing to collaborate with the SNAP project. Self-described “regular guy” from Mississippi, doesn’t remember exactly how he first became interested in science, but says, “I’ve always thought scientists were supercool.” Dr. Hakeem Oluseyi, Astrophysicist

40. Dr. Valerie Bennett B.S. Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics - Vanderbilt University. M.S. Mechanical Engineering - Georgia Tech. Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering - Georgia Tech. Professor of Physics at Morehouse College. Research: - Analyzing Fatigue Properties of Nanostructures.- Computational Microstructional Analysis of Fatigue. Most Recent Publication: Bennett, V.P. and McDowell, D.L., Micromechanics of Microstructurally Small Surface Cracks in Polycrystals, Proc. ICF 10, Honolulu, HI.

41. Dr. Ellen Ochoa • Selected by NASA and became the first Hispanic female astronaut, logging more than 480 hours in space. • Doctoral student at Stanford, and later as a researcher at Sandia National Laboratories and NASA Ames Research Center. • She is a co-inventor with a patent for an optical object recognition method. • Ellen's dream is to help build a new space station, which she says is "critical… to human exploration in space, a transportation mode to new frontiers." "Only you put limitations on yourself - don't be afraid to reach for the stars."

42. Came to U.S. in 1992 from the Dominican. He earned a B.S and an M.S. from Hofstra. Then a doctorate from NYU. Member of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). Responsible for the design and operation of the Collider-Accelerator Dept at Brookhaven. These include the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collier (RHIC), and cutting-edge R&D accelerators, such as the Energy Recovery Linac. Accelerator RF systems are used to control beam energy, stabilize particle motion, and control the distribution or spread in energies among particles. Dr. Freddy Severino

43. Dr. Brian Greene, Ph.D. Harvard, 1984, B.S., Physics & Math Oxford University, 1986, Ph.D., Rhodes Scholar. Physics faculty of Cornell, 1990. 1996, joined Columbia University as professor of physics and of mathematics. Founder and director of Columbia’s Institute for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics, a research center seeking string theory’s implications for theories of cosmology.

44. Your students could become our next “Scientists of Today”!