Collocations

1. Collocations

2. Definitions • Collocation in general is a combination of certain lexical items occur together. • Its definition varied from one author to another although they present the same idea.

3. .. 1- According to Prodromuo collocations are either fixed or more flexible, and the result of many years of habitual use by fluent speakers of the language. 2-According to Newmark a collocation is two or morelexical items co-occur habitually. • 3- Ghazal: "It is a combination of two or more words that always occur together consistently in different texts and contexts in language". • For example: blind confidence ثقة عمياء

4. 4- McCarthy describes collocations as marriage relationship between certain words.

5. Some Features and Classification of Collocations

6. Some Features and Classification of Collocations • 1- Collocations are frequent co-occurrences of items between which no word can be added. For example, in knife and fork it is not usual to add a word to this collocation like, knife, spoon and fork. • 2-Cannot be replaced by a synonym or word • of similar meaning. For example, John makes a cake; but not John makes a pancake.

7. Some Features and Classification of Collocations • 3- The order of a collocation is more or less fixed, for example, bread and butter not *butter and bread.

8. Types of collocations

9. Types of collocation • There are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun, adjective etc.

10. Types of collocation • Some of the most common types in English are: • *Adverb + Adjective: completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied)*Adjective + Noun: idle talk*Noun + Noun: a surge of anger (NOT a rush of anger)*Noun + Verb: lions roar (NOT lions shout)*Verb + Noun: commit suicide (NOT undertake suicide)*Verb + Expression With Preposition: burst into tears (NOT blow up in tears)*Verb + Adverb: wave frantically (NOT wave feverishly)

11. Types of collocation • Types of Collocations Based on Their co-occurrence: • 1-Unique collocations:They are fixed and cannot be replaced by any other words, such as to "foot the bill" يسدد الفاتورة but to "foot the invoice" is obviously wrong although they are the same equivalent of فاتورة. • 2-Strong collocations: these collocations are very strong but not unique. They usually have few other collocates, for example, moved to tears or reduced to tears "إلى حد البكاء".

12. Types of collocation • 3-Weak collocations: They refer to a number of word co-occurrences that can be easily guessed, e.g. white shirt, a blue shirt, a small shirt, a long shirt, etc. • 4-Medium-strength collocations: These collocations can sometimes be weak collocations such as to hold a conversation and to make a mistake. Learners already know each individual word like to hold and a conversation, but they are unable to use the words together as a collocation.

13. Types of collocation • Types Based on Their Grammatical Structures: • 1- Adjective + noun • This type of collocations are the most common type in which one can find an identical Arabic equivalent easily such as:

14. Types of collocation • Collocations of same type but do not have the same equivalent in Arabic Problem: Finding the proper Arabic equivalent collocation. Solution: Exerting some effort and searching in monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, Islamic books, classic poetry and literature etc. or bringing the most correct suitable Arabic translation .

15. According to Atallah the translator should find the right suitable equivalent instead of giving the literal meaning such as translating "good reason" as "سبب وجيه" not as "سبب جيد" (2014).

16. 2-Verb + noun • Commonly used in both languages:

17. Problems: finding the suitable verb equivalent in Arabic • Solution: translating verbs literally. For example

18. Types of collocation 3-.a- noun + noun Easy to be found in Arabic , For example

19. Types of collocation Some collocations have two grammatical structure in Arabic which are either noun + noun or noun + adjective, such as: Nerve cell:

20. Problem: finding the suitable equivalent in Arabic, especially for difficult ones such as " brain drain" and "attorney general", in which the translator cannot predict the meaning immediately. • Solution: avoidingliteral translation which will lead to have wrong Arabic equivalent

21. Types of collocation • 3-b- Noun + noun (the of genitive)

22. Types of collocation • Problem:Some words have difficult equivalents in Arabic such as "a sigh of relief" "تنفس الصعداء " and not "تنهد الراحة" ; "بزوغ الفجر" not"كسر الفجر” • Solution: If it is hard to find the proper Arabic equivalent the translator can translate into meaning only such as translating "the throes of death" into "سكرات الموت/ الغرغرة / الاحتضار" .

23. Types of collocation • 4-Adjective+ adjective • Unpredictable: They can have different grammatical structure in Arabic such as: • a- preposition+ noun+ noun:

24. Types of collocation • b- noun+ verb:

25. Types of collocation • 5- Noun +verb • About the names of sounds • easy to be translated into Arabic although the Arabic grammatical structure will be "noun+ noun. For example:

26. Types of collocation • Problem: The ability to recognize the sound of animals , insect or things in Arabic. • Solution: the translator has no other solution than to know the name of sounds in the target language.

27. Supervised by: Professor Abdulhadi Tamim • Name:Ghadah Mohammed AbuBakr • Master:Translation • Level: 3 • Section: A