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IDENTITY, LEGITIMACY, AND THE POLITICS OF THE EU November 2012

IDENTITY, LEGITIMACY, AND THE POLITICS OF THE EU November 2012. Post-war Europe: the Origins of Integration. I. The Problems of Post-war Europe II. The Cold War III. The European Movement and the Marshall Plan IV. From Coal & Steel to the Common Market A. The ECSC B. EDC and EPC

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IDENTITY, LEGITIMACY, AND THE POLITICS OF THE EU November 2012

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  1. IDENTITY, LEGITIMACY, AND THE POLITICS OF THE EU • November 2012

  2. Post-war Europe: the Origins of Integration I. The Problems of Post-war Europe II. The Cold War III. The European Movement and the Marshall Plan IV. From Coal & Steel to the Common Market A. The ECSC B. EDC and EPC C. The Treaty of Rome

  3. I. The Problems of Post-war Europe * The Blood-letting of the Great War * Economic Nationalism and Fascism in the Inter-war Years * World War II Sweeps Across the Continent * Results: - >50 million killed - >100 million displaced - Industry and Infrastructure in Ruins

  4. The Major Powers In The Immediate Post-War Period * The US: Multi-lateralism and Withdrawal * The USSR: Control over the East * The UK: Churchill's 'Three Circles' * France: Reviving the Economy and French grandeur * Italy: Respectability and Economic Revival * Germany: Recovery and Political Rehabilitation

  5. II. The Beginnings of the Cold War * Soviet Control over Eastern Europe * Poland and the Czech coup * Greece and the Truman Doctrine * The Marshall Plan * Disputes over Germany * The Berlin Blockade (June 1948-May 1949) * Formation of NATO (1949)

  6. III. The European Movement and the Marshall Plan * The European Movement and the Council of Europe * The Marshall Plan (European Recovery Plan) - Political and Economic Rationale - Requirement of co-operation - The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC)

  7. Monnet, Schuman, and the ECSC * France's Post-war Problems * Jean Monnet has a plan... * ... Robert Schuman gets the credit * Britain Stays Out * Negotiation among The Six * The Treaty of Paris (1951) * The European Coal and Steel Community (1952)

  8. The EDC and the EPC * The European Defence Community (EDC) * The Pleven Plan-A European Army * Britain Stays Out (Again) * Concerns about German Rearmament * French Nationalism and defeat in the Assemblée nationale * As goes EDC, so goes European Political Community...

  9. The Treaty of Rome and the EEC * Relaunching Integration through Economics * The Messina Conference (June 1955) * Britain Stays Out (Again!) * The Suez Crisis and the Development of the Franco-German lynchpin * Euratom (March 1957) * The Treaty of Rome (March 1957) establishes the European Economic Community

  10. Entrenchment and Reversal I. Inception II. The French Crisis III. The British Application IV. The "Empty Chair" Crisis V. The First Enlargement, Six become Nine VI. Stagnation in the 1970s

  11. I. Inception * The Commission - First President: Walter Hallstein - Nine Commissioners on national quota * The Council - Committee of Permanent Representatives (Coreper) * The Assembly (European Parliament) - Little input or authority

  12. II. The French Crisis * The Fourth Republic * Colonial Defeats: Indochina and Suez * The Algerian Crisis * Algérie française * Military Revolt in Algiers * De Gaulle returns, with a condition * The Fifth Republic (1958) * De Gaulle and the EEC

  13. III. The UK's Application * The European Free Trade Area (EFTA) * A Change of Heart * De Gaulle's Concerns - The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) - Relations with the United States - Balance of Power within EEC * De Gaulle says "non" * The Elysée Treaty, Franco-German Rapprochement Binding them to "consult before any decision on all important questions of foreign policy... common interest... to reach as far as possible an analogous position".

  14. IV. The "Empty Chair" Crisis * Hallstein and "Own Resources" for the EEC * France Pulls Its Representative from the Council (The "Empty Chair") - The Luxembourg Compromise * Member State Veto on Issues of "Vital National Interest" - The Second British Application * De Gaulle says "non" again - The CAP in Practice

  15. The First Enlargement – Six become Nine * The Changed Political Situation - Brandt and Ostpolitik - De Gaulle resigns; Pompidou is in * Completion, Deepening, and Enlargement * Negotiations with the New Entrants - Britain (Sugar and New Zealand Butter) - Ireland (Neutrality) - Norway and Denmark * Referenda - Norway Opts Out

  16. VI. Stagnation in the 1970s * The First Oil Crisis (1973) - Collapse of Economic Co-operation - National Approaches to Energy * Institutional Changes - European Council - Direct Elections to the European Parliament * The European Monetary System (EMS) * The Second Oil Crisis (1979) * The EC in the Doldrums

  17. 1982: THE EEC at 25 It is impossible to imagine the 10 inward-looking governments of today's EEC signing such a bold free-trading document as the Treaty of Rome. Consider the treaty's main tenets: * That there should be free trade in goods within a common customs union and that all technical barriers to trade should be abolished. * That the EEC commission should enforce free competition in the community, outlawing cartels and monopolies that abuse their power, and preventing governments from helping domestic industry or agriculture. * That there should be free movement of people, services, and capital within the EEC. * That agriculture should be promoted through a common policy, to ensure stable supplies of food at reasonable prices.

  18. 1982: THE EEC at 25, cont. But the principal reason for the EEC's failure to turn the treaty's laudable principles into practice is the inability of the Council of Ministers to take decisions. This means that most new directives proposed by the Commission now get shelved. Before 1966, the Commission could call the tune, generally negotiating package deals with the member states to secure a majority in the council. But in 1966, after de Gaulle's boycott, the then Six signed the Luxembourg Agreement, which said that a unanimous decision by all countries is needed if a member state says its vital interests are at stake. In practice this has meant that, since then, countries have been able to veto any proposal they dislike. The Economist, 20 March 1982

  19. From the Single Market toa Constitution I. The British Budgetary Question II. The Single European Act (SEA) III. The Maastricht Treaty IV. Economic and Monetary Union V. Eastern Enlargement VI. An EU Constitution (?)

  20. I. Britain's (and the EC's) Budget Problem * Thatcher and the Common Agricultural Policy * A Temporary Rebate... * before a durable solution (Fontainebleau 1984) * Meanwhile... the Second Enlargement, 1981, Greece, and * Third Enlargement, 1986, Spain and Portugal

  21. III. The Maastricht Treaty * Collapse of the Berlin Wall - A Renewed 'German Question' * Move to EMU (The Delors Report) * Negotiations on EMU - German Requirements - Convergence Criteria * Political Union - Britain and the “F Word”

  22. III. The Maastricht Treaty * Collapse of the Berlin Wall - A Renewed 'German Question' * Move to EMU (The Delors Report) * Negotiations on EMU - German Requirements - Convergence Criteria * Political Union - Britain and the “F Word”

  23. III. The Maastricht Treaty * The Three Pillars - Institutional Changes and Subsidiarity - Common Foreign and Security Policy - Justice and Home Affairs * Maastricht Treaty (Treaty on European Union, 1991) - British 'Opt-Outs' and 'Two-Speed Europe' * Ratification - Denmark demurs, but France says “Yes” (just)

  24. The Three Pillars of the EU

  25. IV. Economic and Monetary Union * The 1992 Currency Crisis * Economic Convergence - Inflation: <1.5% of average of top 3 - Deficit: <3% of GDP - Debt: <60% of GDP - Interest Rates: <+2% of average of top 3 * Establishing the Single Currency (Euro) - Fixing Exchange Rates to the Euro (January 1999) - The European Central Bank (ECB) - The Stability and Growth Pact - Coins and Notes (January 2002) * The Outsiders (the UK, Denmark, and Sweden)

  26. V. Eastern Enlargement * The Changed Political Environment * Fourth Enlargement, 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden * Fifth Enlargement, 2004, Cyprus; the Czech Republic; Estonia; Hungary; Latvia; Lithuania; Malta; Poland; Slovakia; and Slovenia * Sixth Enlargement, 2007, Bulgaria and Romania * Turkey in Europe? Others? * Institutional Change (or lack thereof) - The Amsterdam (1997) and Nice (2001) Treaties

  27. VI. An EU Constitution (?) * Convention on the Future of Europe * Chaired by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing * Disputes and Compromises * Signed October 2004 * Still a Union of States rather than a United States of Europe

  28. VI. An EU Constitution (?) * Numerous Member States Ratify * France and the Netherlands say “NO!” - France, 29 May 2005, 55%-45% - The Netherlands, 1 June 2005, 62%-38% * Lisbon (Reform) Treaty - Institutional Changes only (Ireland still says 'NO')

  29. Ratification of theEU Constitution * 18 members ratified the constitution through either their parliament of a national referendum. * 7 members postponed any action * 2 members voted NO (France and the Netherlands)

  30. Europe's Fuzzy Borders

  31. Ratification ofthe Treaty of Lisbon

  32. The EU in 2012 andAspirant Countries

  33. Fault-lines of Europe

  34. Europe: core and peripheries

  35. Europe: core and peripheries • * Ireland: "That savage nation", Edmund Spenser • * Brittany: "Wild and primitive", Paul Gauguin; "Frankly pagan", James Cameron • * Spain: "Africa begins at the Pyrennees", Alexandre Dumas; "Outside the southern door of Europe proper", James Michener • * Corsica: "Still savages", Alexandre Dumas • * Sardinia: "Rejected... European civilisation", Peter Nichols • * Sicily: "Stagnant and backward", Luigi Barzini • * Mezzogiorno (southern Italy): "It's different in the South", Luigi Barzini • * Albania: "Savage character", Lord Byron • * Bulgaria: "A mongrel east", Arthur Symons • * Greece: "All the Turkish vices", Lord Byron • * Istanbul: "Damn her, the whore! Sleeping with the Turks", Nikos Kazantzakis • * Cyprus: "East in west and west in east", Patrick Geddes • * Ukraine: "A decided Oriental kink in their brains", British Foreign Office • * Poland: "Advanced outpost of Western civilisation", Joseph Conrad • * Russia: "Scratch a Russian and you will wound a Tartar", Napoleon

  36. Confusion reigns • Do we mean... • * a collective identity, • * a variety of interlinking collective identities, • * an aggregation of personal identities, • * a broadly defined cultural category, or • * an official EU cultural or political identity?

  37. Readings * Biedenkopf, K. et al., The Spiritual and Cultural Dimension of Europe, European Commission. 2004. Brussels. pp. 5-12ec.europa.eu/research/social-sciences/pdf/michalski_091104_report_annexes_en.pdf * Declaration on European Identity by the Nine Foreign Ministers, 14/12/1973, Copenhagen http://www.ena.lu/mce.cfm * Deflem, Mathieu and Fred C. Pampel, The Myth of Postnational Identity: Popular Support for European Unification, Social Forces, 1996, 75:1, 119-143 http://deflem.blogspot.com/1996/08/myth-of-postnational-identity-popular.html * Ifversen, J., Europe and European culture - a conceptual analysis, European Societies, 2002, 4:1, pp. 1-26 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14616690220130973 * Lutz, Wolfgang et al., The Demography of Growing European identity, Science, 2006, Vol. 314: 425-426 http://www.pacte.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf_European_identity.pdf * Schnapper, D., Citizenship and National Identity in Europe, Nations and Nationalism. 2002. 8:1, 1-14 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1469-8219.00035/pdf

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