Challenges Faced by the First Five Presidents and Their Responses

1. SSUSH6 Analyze the challenges faced by the first five Presidents and how they responded. 1. George Washington 2. John Adams 3. Thomas Jefferson 4. James Madison 5. James Monroe

2. George Washington a. Examine the presidency of Washington, including the precedents he set.

3. George Washington • In April 1789, Washington was chosen to be the first President of the new government • Two of key members of Washington’s cabinet were Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton

4. The Whiskey Rebellion • In 1791, Congress imposed a direct tax on the manufacture of whiskey • Western farmers, the main manufactures of whiskey, rebelled against the tax in 1794 • Washington orders 15,000 troops to put down the rebellion • The rebels disperse without fighting, ending the rebellion. • This was the first challenge to the new government and it proved that Washington would enforce the laws. • What message did the new government send by ordering troops to put down the rebellion?

5. Formation of political parties During Washington’s 1stterm in office Congress began to split into factions caused by Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton’s financial programs • Supporters of Hamilton’s programs were called Federalist, while opponents were called Democratic- Republicans, or Republicans (not to be confused with today’s Republican Party) •

6. Washington’s Foreign Policy • During the French Revolution, France declared war on England: the United States was divided over who to support • In 1793, Washington declared that the US would be “friendly and impartial” towards both countries The British however, began seizing American ships headed to French ports

7. Washington’s Foreign Policy • Jay’s Treaty: John Jay was sent to Britain to negotiate a settlement in order to avoid war • The treaty helped prevent war between the US and Britain, but did little to ease tension between the two countries • Pinckney’s Treaty: The US negotiated with Spain to allow it free access to the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans

8. George Washington • Washington leaves office after his 2ndterm- he warns against political parties and foreign alliances • Federalist John Adams is elected the 2nd President of the U.S. in 1796 John Adams

9. Precedents set by Washington: • Established a Cabinet of his peers with different political views • Oath of office • Inaugural Address (outlined his responsibilities & plans to help the country) • 2 terms • “Mr. President” • Farewell Address

10. John Adams b. Explain the presidency of John Adams including the Sedition Act and its influence on the election of 1800.

11. John Adams: • 2ndPresident of the US • Narrowly beat Thomas Jefferson (1796) • Jefferson finished in 2ndplace and due to the wording of the Constitution, became Adams’ Vice-President

12. John Adams • Upset with Jay’s Treaty, the French began seizing U.S. ships causing an undeclared naval war between France and the U.S. • Negotiations between the two countries ended the hostilities in 1800.

13. XYZ Affair: • France began seizing American merchant ships • Adams sent diplomats to France to negotiate peace • 3 French officials (known as X, Y, and Z) demanded humiliating terms so Adams had to break off negotiations • Affair caused Americans to hate the French • Led to the creation of a small US navy

14. John Adams • The Alien and Sedition Acts: – Passed in 1798, the Acts were aimed at weakening the Republican Party – The Alien Act would put voting restriction on immigrants who tended to vote Republican – The Sedition Act also made it against the law to criticize the government, making it difficult for the Republicans to speak out against the Federalist

15. John Adams • The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: – Written in secret by Jefferson and Madison, the Resolutions argued the states had the right to protect the people from unjust federal laws

16. Election of 1800: • John Adams • Thomas Jefferson (running mate: Aaron Burr) • Public did not know that Burr was Jefferson’s running mate, election resulted in a tie between Jefferson and Burr • Decision left up to the House of Representatives (led by Hamilton) • Hamilton liked Jefferson better, chose Jefferson to be 3rdPresident • Burr, angered over decision challenged Hamilton to a duel and Hamilton died

17. John Adams • John Adams lost the election of 1800 to Thomas Jefferson in large part because many people were angered over the Alien and Sedition Acts • Though the Federalists controlled the army, the Presidency, and Congress, they allowed power to peacefully transfer to the Republicans

18. Thomas Jefferson c. Explore Jefferson’s expansion of presidential power including the purchase and exploration of the Louisiana Territory.

20. GROWTH GROWTH OF A OF A NATION NATION

21. Louisiana Purchase 1803 Jefferson was president US bought LA from France  $15 million  Doubled the size of the US  Jefferson questioned if he had the power to buy it Why did France sell it? Napoleon was gearing up for war with Great Britain and the territory wasn’ ’t worth the money or the trouble.

22. Lewis & Clark Expedition Lewis & Clark were sent by Jefferson to explore and meet with the natives (page 212)

24. Lewis & Clark Expedition •Their expedition lasted 2 years 4 months. •Jefferson stated the goal was to find a "direct & practicable water communication across this continent, for the purposes of commerce“ “ •They mapped the Northwest, gathered scientific info. about unknown plants & animals, and learned about the Native American tribes in the area.

25. Sacagawea – acted as their guide

26. James Madison c. Explain James Madison’s presidency in relation to the War of 1812 and the war’s significance in the development of a national identity.

27. ELECTION OF 1808

28. The War The War of 1812 of 1812 1812-1814 USA v. Britain

29. WITH GROUP • WHAT DID WASHINGTON WARN AGAINST IN HIS FAREWELL ADDRESS???

30. Causes of the War of 1812 1. British restrictions on Am. trade 1. Because of British war with France, they were trying to stop Am trade with France EMBARGO ACT: Jefferson (1807) • stopped ALL foreign trade • especially hated by New England

31. 2. British policy of IMPRESSMENT Taking American sailors off Am. Ships and forcing them to serve in the British Navy

32. Causes of the War of 1812 3. Trouble with Indians in the West • Indian leader Tecumseh organized tribes to defend their land from US control. • His brother fought US forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe (and lost). • US blames Britain for encouraging the Indians

33. General William Henry Harrison led the US troops and defeated the Indians at Tippencanoe. “ “old Tippecanoe” ”

34. Causes of the War of 1812 4. Drive the British out of North America Could we take ___________ from Britain?? CANADA Could we take ___________ from Spain?? FLORIDA

35. War Hawks • young Congressmen from the West • felt strongly about standing up for our rights against Britain Henry Clay (KY) John C. Calhoun (SC)

37. Overview of the War A. most fighting in Canada and Great Lakes area B. Britain preoccupied with war in Europe until 1814

38. Key Battles and Events

39. STAR SPANGLED BANNER Written by Francis Scott Key Fort McHenry Baltimore, Maryland

42. Burning of the White House 1814-British attack Washington, D.C. Burned the Capitol and the White House

43. The White House after the fire of 1814

44. Washington portrait saved by Dolley Madison The East Room of the White House

45. Battle of New Orleans Jan. 1815 •Great American victory •Gen. Andrew Jackson becomes a famous war hero “ “Old Hickory” ” •Happened AFTER the peace treaty

46. Opposition to the War A. New England Federalists B. Hartford Convention-made list of demands C. threatened to secede D. end of the Federalist party

47. Treaty of Ghent Dec. 1814 “ “status quo ante bellum” ” Everything went back the way it was before the war

48. Results of the War of 1812 Increase in NATIONALISM 1.pride and patriotism after War of 1812 2.development of American culture • history, art, literature, spelling honour—honor centre—center 3. growth of Am industry and manufacturing

49. James Monroe e. Explain James Monroe’s presidency in relation to the Monroe Doctrine.

50. Monroe Doctrine MONROE DOCTRINE a. Europe cannot create new colonies in W. Hemisphere b. Europe cannotinterfere with existing nations c. US will not interfere in Europe