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Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks. Kris Pister Founder & Chief Technologist, Dust Networks (Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley). Dust sells reliable, low power mesh networks to OEMs. OEMs. End Users. Evolving information flow in WSN. DB. Business logic. Custom APP. APP. Manager. LBR. IPv6,

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Wireless Sensor Networks

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  1. Wireless Sensor Networks Kris Pister Founder & Chief Technologist, Dust Networks (Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley)

  2. Dust sells reliable, low power mesh networks to OEMs OEMs End Users

  3. Evolving information flow in WSN DB Business logic Custom APP APP Manager LBR IPv6, native DB fmt. Proprietary network & data fmt. Network stack Network stack Oski (SPOT-lite)? Application Mote Serial API Sensor mP Sensor Application Sensor 3

  4. Outline • Applications • Standards • Technology

  5. Outline • Applications • Industrial Process Automation • Commercial Building Automation • Parking management • Smart Rail • Vibration monitoring • Smart Grid • Standards • Technology

  6. Emerson Process offerings, 2007

  7. Wireless HART Architecture (from ABB)

  8. Sampling of Wireless HART Products • Battery • Vibration • Battery • 4-20 mA loop • Solar • Battery • 4-20 mA loop • Thermal • Thousands of networks, dozens of countries, six continents • buildings, breweries, refineries, mines, city streets, chemical plants, deserts, trains, steel mills, data centers, pharmaceutical plants, offshore oil rigs…

  9. WirelessHARTTM Adapters Siemens SITRANS AW200 ABB Adapter Emerson THUM MACTek BULLET

  10. Wheeling-Pittsburg Steel Need to monitor temp, coolant, lubrication Hot slag defeated wired solutions 5% improvement in productivity (reduced maintenance) 10

  11. Lime Kiln at Pulp & Paper Mill • Rotating lime kiln • Need to monitor temperature • 5% throughput improvement (reduced process time) 11

  12. Wireless Sensors Grane Platform, North Sea • 22 pressure sensors • 90% reduction in installation cost 12

  13. Shell Oil, Norway Wireless mesh network 2 km 1 km • GE Energy’s System 1 motor condition monitoring • 200 temperature and vibration sensors • No line power due to hazardous location rules

  14. Chevron’s Richmond Refinery 1 km

  15. Richmond Refinery Wireless Umbrella • Next • Fence monitoring • H2S, VOC • Location 5 km2, 90% coverage 15

  16. Smart Building: Federspiel Controls • HVAC optimization to conserve energy • CA Tax Board savings: 459,000 kWh/yr, $55,000/yr (1 yr payback) • No wires, no interruption to data center operations 16

  17. Smart Cities: Streetline Networks Wireless sensor node 20

  18. Urban Planning

  19. Increasing Revenue

  20. Finding Parking

  21. Finding Parking

  22. Smart Rail • TSCH WSN enables remote monitoring of freight cars • Multiple sensors per car, every car is a network • Requires a strict ‘no-wires’ solution, robust enough for moving railcars

  23. Bearing Failure  High Cost

  24. Vibration Monitoring

  25. Smart Grid

  26. Outline • Applications • Standards • TSMP • Zigbee • 802.15.4E • IETF • Technology

  27. Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol (TSMP & TSCH) • Basis of several Industrial Automation Standards • IEC 62591 (WirelessHART) • ISA100.11A • WIA-PA (China) • MAC is standardized in 802.15.4E (TSCH) • Multiple network vendors: Dust, Nivis, STG, … • Best performance • Highest reliability • Lowest power • Lowest latency • Largest scalability • Accurate timestamps

  28. Zigbee • The big three • Zigbee Pro / SE1.0 • Zigbee RF4CE • Home entertainment control • Guarantees that cell phones will have 15.4 radios • Zigbee IP / SE2.0 • http, TLS, DHCP, … • Zigbee Green Power • All use powered routers • LPR getting little traction • Interoperability • AODV • Provisioning

  29. 802.15.4E • A tale of four standards • PAR: “time synchronized channel hopping” “in support of industrial automation” • TSCH • LE • FA • DSME

  30. IETF • 6LoWPAN • IPv6 adaptation layer • RoLL/RPL • Gradient routing • CoRE/CoAP • These are the building blocks • Zigbee IP / SE2.0 • Something with 802.15.4E?

  31. Protocol Integration Application  Presentation  Session  Transport  Network  Data-Link  Physical  HTTP, SSH, Telnet, FTP “other” CoAP, XML, IETF UDP ,TCP WSN RDP? RoLL RPL IPv6 IEEE802.3 IEEE802.11 6LoWPAN 802.15.4, 4e IEEE 802.15.4 Tomorrow’s Internet of Things Today’s Internet

  32. Outline • Applications • Standards • Technology • TSMP • Oski • SPOT

  33. TSMP Foundations • Time Synchronization • Reliability • Power • Scalability • Reliability • Frequency diversity • Multi-path fading, interference • Spatial diversity • True mesh (multiple paths at each hop) • Temporal diversity • Secure link-layer ACK • Power • Turning radios off is easy

  34. Power-optimal communication A B A wakes up and listens B transmits B receives ACK A transmits ACK Worst case A/B clock skew • Assume all motes share a network-wide synchronized sense of time, accurate to ~1ms • For an optimally efficient network, mote A will only be awake when mote B needs to talk Expected packet start time

  35. Packet transmission and acknowledgement Radio TX startup ACK RX Packet TX Radio TX/RX turnaround Mote Current (2011): 15 mC (2008): 50 mC Charge cost (2003): 300 mC

  36. Idle listen (no packet exchanged) Empty receive Radio RX startup Mote Current (2011): 5 mC (2008): 27 mC Charge cost (2003): 70 mC

  37. Mesh Networking • 802.15.4 PHY, 2.4 GHz • Time Synchronized for low power & scalability • All nodes run on batteries, for 5-10 years • Channel Hopping and full mesh for reliability • 99.999% “best effort” packet delivery IP Gateway IEEE 802.15.4 Mote Sensor

  38. Relative time error • Simulated. 8 hops, low traffic Extreme temp 8 hops, high traffic Extreme temp 2 hops, low traffic Room temperature

  39. Absolute time synch NTP Stratum 1 server PM or LM Mote • Relative error: 0.1ms avg., 1ms max • Absolute error on PM: • 0.3ms avg. ; 99.9% <1ms; 10ms worst case • 1us w/ 1588 42

  40. Evolution of a mote

  41. Oski Future-proof horsepower 32 bit ARM Cortex M3 512kB flash, 72kB RAM Revolutionary radio & network IPv6 router < 20μA 10 years with an AA lithium battery Microsecond timestamps Location Fast application development Multi-protocol routing 6LoWPAN Zigbee SE 1, 2; Pro HART

  42. Measured time updates: <1us on average

  43. Mote-on-chip current vs. sample date RX Current 0dBm TX Current Jennic CEL Ember Freescale Ember TI Jennic TI MSP430 +CC2420 Freescale Dust Networks Dust Networks

  44. Location RTLS costs often dominated by infrastructure Power and/or data cabling for readers Barrier to initial deployment 47

  45. SmartMesh SPOT Asset Management System & Location Engine Locn: Room 327, west wall Fixed Battery Powered Mote Network Manager 27.2m 22.5m 40.1m Mobile Mote 17.8m 23.2m Sensor 48 48

  46. SmartMesh SPOT Advantages • No site survey • Field-proven, self-forming, self-healing TSCH mesh • No wires • Battery/scavenger-powered “peel-and-stick” infrastructure • …and a true IP network • Sensors: button, temp, shock, … • Outputs: displays, alarms, …

  47. Theory only goes so far Dr. Lance Doherty Dust Networks’ System Architect Dr. Mark Lemkin Dust Networks’ Lead RF designer 50

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