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FUSION A promising source of energy

FUSION A promising source of energy. Claude Boucher. Plan. Why Fusion ? Energy supply Climate change Basic concepts The TOKAMAK ( toroidalnaya kamera magnitnaya ) Power balance of a thermonuclear furnace Confinement time Lawson criteria Break-even vs Ignition ITER Power plant.

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FUSION A promising source of energy

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  1. FUSIONA promising source of energy Claude Boucher Queen's University

  2. Plan • Why Fusion ? • Energy supply • Climate change • Basic concepts • The TOKAMAK (toroidalnayakameramagnitnaya) • Power balance of a thermonuclear furnace • Confinement time • Lawson criteria • Break-even vs Ignition • ITER • Power plant Queen's University

  3. World primary energy consumption patterns 1 Mtoe = 0.042 EJ 462 EJ From BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2008, www.bp.com Queen's University

  4. Energy demand (forecast) IEA World Energy Outlook www.worldenergyoutlook.org World energy demand expands by 45% between now and 2030 –an average rate of increase of 1.6% per year –with coal accounting for more than a third of the overall rise 1 Gtoe = 42 EJ Queen's University

  5. Fossil fuel reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios From BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2008, www.bp.com Queen's University

  6. Estimated reserves of the principal non renewable resources aforecast for 2050 are between 500 and 800 EJ b X 10 including « non-conventional » sources 1 Consortium Fusion Expo Europe 2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climat Change (IPCC http://www.ipcc.ch/ ) Queen's University

  7. Renewables (Left) U.S. electricity net generation by all fuels, and (Right) contribution of biomass, wind, geothermal, and solar technologies to the non-hydro renewables wedge . Proceedings of the IPCC SCOPING MEETING ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, Lübeck, Germany, 20 – 25 January, 2008 Queen's University

  8. Beauharnois hydro plant • Power : 1 657 MW • Type : Run-of-the-River • Number of turbines : 38 • Height : 24 m • Commissioned : 1932-1961 • Water system: St-Laurence river • Reservoir :Lake Saint-François • Reservoir area : 233 km2 Queen's University

  9. Solar panels 1 GWe from maximum solar illumination of 1kW/m2 => 1km x 1km for 100% efficiency Efficiencies for PV ~10 to 20% with new technologies ~40% Queen's University

  10. Area • Solar = 5,2 million de km2 • = 56% of Canada or US • = 2/3 of Australia • Wind = 0,6 million km2 • Area larger than France All renewable supply • Hypothesis 2100 • Population = 9 billion • High efficiency at 100,000 TWh • Average of 11 TW ≈ actuel • Sources • Solar = 40% • Wind = 40% • Other renewable = 20% Source: G. Lafrance, book in preparation, Multimondes, fall 2006. Queen's University

  11. CO2 emissions IEA World Energy Outlook www.worldenergyoutlook.org Queen's University

  12. Climate impact (1) Observed changes in (a) global average surface temperature; (b) global average sea level from tide gauge (blue) and satellite (red) data; and (c) Northern Hemisphere snow cover for March-April. All differences are relative to corresponding averages for the period 1961-1990. Smoothed curves represent decadal averaged values while circles show yearly values. The shaded areas are the uncertainty intervals estimated from a comprehensive analysis of known uncertainties (a and b) and from the time series (c). IPCC, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report (Valencia, Spain, 12-17 November 2007) Queen'sUniversity

  13. Climate impact (2) United Nations Environment Program SRES (Special Report on Emission Scenarios (IPCC)) Queen's University

  14. Role of “renewables” • Solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, … • “low density” applications • ~ 20 % of world supply • Intensive land use • Need for clean, abundant, “high density” source ENTER FUSION Queen's University

  15. D-T reaction E = MC2 Queen's University

  16. Efficiency Queen's University

  17. Fuel equivalence Relative quantities of fuel required each year in different 1000 MW power plants 0.6 ton Fusion 1 pick-up truck 150 tons 8 semi-trailors Fission 10,000,000 barrels Oil 7 super tankers, each of length equivalent to the CN tower Coal 191 trains de 110 wagons each, for a total length of 400 km 2,100,000 tons From « Fusion, energy for the future », National fusion program, 1991 Queen's University

  18. Fusion reactions Large cross section 50% 50% Small cross section Plus other possible reactions but with very small cross sections Queen's University

  19. Fusion cross sections http://wwwppd.nrl.navy.mil/nrlformulary/index.html Queen's University

  20. Tritium breeding Tritium is produced by the interaction between fusion neutrons and lithium in a blanket surrounding the plasma Lithium is abundant in nature. Average concentration in the earth’s crust is about 0.004% (mass) n + 6Li = He +T + 4.8 MeV n + 7Li = He +T – 2.5 MeV + n The “consumables” are deuterium and lithium Queen's University

  21. Plasma • Mater is ionized: • electrons (-) and ions (+) • Degree of ionization related to temperature: • High temperature means no more neutrals • Particles will have “distribution function” • Charged particles gyrate around magnetic field lines Queen's University

  22. 3 m /sec D-T reaction rate T in KeV Queen's University

  23. The tokamak Toroidal coils Primary circuit The tokamak works like a transformer. a current ramp in the primary circuit generates a constant current (plasma) as the secondary. Plasma current Secondary circuit Toroidal field Helicoidal field Poloidal field Queen's University

  24. Tokamak geometry • Axis: • Toroidal • Poloidal • Radial • Properties: • Elongation • Triangularity • Aspect ratio e = 1/A = a/R q = aBf / RBq = e(Bf / Bq) b = p / (B2 / 2m0) Queen's University

  25. Magnetic geometries Limiter Divertor Queen's University

  26. Tokamak - pulse scenario TOKAMAK pulse Charge transformer rapid fall for breakdown plasma initiated, current ramp up Ohmic heating + auxiliary heating Plateau, Current ramp down Queen's University

  27. alphas Pa Pf neutrons Pn P 2 1 / 2 n a T = R Power balance SOURCES (i) LOSSES (o) Ions 3/2(nTi) Po,i Pi,i Po = Pi Electrons 3/2 (nTe) Po,e Pi,e PR Queen's University

  28. = P P P + R i o Confinement time (Break-even) Sources = Losses Break-even when the energy out in the fusion products balances the auxiliary power injected This determines break-even condition for the ntE product Q = Pf / Pi = 1 = P P i f T t = n 1 E s - 1 / 2 v E a T f 4 Queen's University

  29. Confinement time(Ignition) For ignition, the energy in the a particles is “recycled” and heats the fresh D and T being injected. The fusion reaction is then maintained with Pi = 0 Q becomes infinite = P P P + a o R Queen's University

  30. Confinement time Queen's University

  31. Results From Contemporary Physics Education Project http://FusEdWeb.pppl.gov Queen's University

  32. JET: THE WORLD’S LARGEST TOKAMAK Queen's University

  33. Demonstration to date Continuous Source: Pamela-Solano, EFDA-JET Watkins, JET Queen's University

  34. ITER : History • 1985 Geneva Summit • 1986 start • 1988-1990 CDA (Conception) US-EU(Canada)-J-FR • 1990-1992 interim • 1992-1998 EDA (Engineering) US-EU(Canada)-J-FR • 1998-2001 EDA 2 (Detailed Engineering ) EU(Canada)-J-FR • 2001-2002 CTA (technical, negotiations) EU-Canada-J-FR • 2005 Site selection (Cadarache France) • 2006-2016 Construction • 2016-2036 Experiment • 2036 Decommissioning Costs 8500 M$CAD Construction 8500 M$CAD Experiment <1000 M$CAD Decommissioning Queen's University

  35. ITER • Main systems: • Blanket, supports • Divertor plates – up to 20 MW/m2 (1/2-2/3 total plasma power) • Pumping ducts and criopumps, pump injected D and T, He and impurities • Gas throughput (200 Pa-m3/s) and pumping speed(~ 100 m3/s) dictate divertor behavior • SC coils- 13 T • Mechanical loads of 400 ton on internal components at disruptions • Radial loads of 40,000 tons in each coils Queen's University

  36. ITER cross-section Queen's University

  37. Design Reach sustained burn in inductive mode, Q=10 Significant parameter window Sufficient duration for stationary plasma (~ hundreds of s) Target demonstration of continuous operation with Q at least 5 Not exclude the possibility of attaining controlled ignition (Q>>10) Technology: demonstration of the availability and the integration of reactor technologies tests of components, Tests of tritium blankets => 300-500s of full current in inductive operations => average neutron flux ≥ 0.5 MW/m2 => average neutron fluence of ≥ 0.3 MWa/m2 ITER : Objectives Queen's University

  38. Operate at Q=10 with significant window in parameters for pulse length consistent with characteristic times. Operate at high Q for long pulses. Study continuous operation at Q=5 Reach controlled ignition in favorable conditions ITER : Program Queen's University

  39. ITER PHYSICS The ITER Physics program has multiple components and is developed through experiments on today’s tokamaks, and by theory and modeling, and has, as its prime objective, the development of a capability to predict tokamak performance. Key elements include: • Understanding the transition between low (L) and high (H) • confinement modes: prediction of power needed for L--> H transition • Prediction of core fusion performance in H mode • Control and mitigation of MHD instabilities • Power and particle control • Development of higher performance operation scenarios • Identification and understanding of the new physics that will occur • under ‘burning plasma’ conditions. Queen's University

  40. AUG JET ITER ITER confinement time http://www.tokamak.info/ Queen's University

  41. BURNING PLASMA PHYSICS At Q > 1 have significant self heating due to fusion alphas. Isotropic energetic population of 3.5 MeV alphas. Plasma is now an exothermic medium and highly non-linear. Alpha particles may have strong resonant interaction with Alfven waves. Ti~ Te since Va >> Vi, and ma >> me the alphas particles slow predominantly on the electrons. Reliable simulation is not possible. Need experiments in the new regime Opportunity for unexpected discovery is very high! Queen's University

  42. ITER diagnostics installed in ports where possible Each diagnostic port-plug contains an integrated instrumentation package Queen's University

  43. ITER : Status As of 28 February 2009, the ITER Organization employs 356 staff members: 235 professional and 121 support. All seven Parties are represented amongst the professional staff: 141 originate from the EU,10 from India,19 from Japan,15 from China,16 from Korea,17 from Russia, and17 from the US. • Construction started • Procurement well underway www.iter.org/newsline/issues/current/ITERnewsline.htm Queen's University

  44. Challenges • Modeling • Materials • Resistance to thermal loads and chocs • Activation • T blanket • Breeding ratio > 1 • Remote Manipulation • Assembly • Maintenance Queen's University

  45. Thermonuclear power plant Ideal scenario for replacement of liquid fossil fuel: Fusion to supply electricity to generate hydrogen for fuel cells. From « La fusion thermonucléaire, une chance pour l’humanité », J. Ongena, G. Van Oost et Ph. Mertens, 2001 Queen's University

  46. CONCLUSION E=mc2 Nuclear technology Fission FUSION Queen's University

  47. Thank you ! Merci ! boucher@emt.inrs.ca http://claude.emt.inrs.ca Queen's University

  48. Fusion research in Canada • Universities • Alberta • Saskatchewan • Toronto • Queen’s • INRS Queen's University

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