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Genetics Review

Genetics Review. Game 1. Mendel, Mendel, Mendel, it’s always about Mendel. I have a Theory. What is…. Re-pro-duce! Re-pro-duce!. DNA. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 20. 20. 20. 20. 20. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 40. 40. 40. 40. 40. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50.

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Genetics Review

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  1. Genetics Review

  2. Game 1 Mendel, Mendel, Mendel, it’s always about Mendel I have a Theory What is… Re-pro-duce! Re-pro-duce! DNA 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 30 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50

  3. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? Genotype is the set of genes which is responsible for a particular trait. It is the genetic make-up of an organism. Phenotype is the appearance or physical expression of that trait

  4. Skin color is coded for by several different genes which results in a range of skin colors from very dark to very light. This is an example of ___________________ Polygenic inheritance

  5. Who developed the two fundamental principles of heredity and what are they? • Gregor Mendel • Mendel’s First Law = Law of Segregation or Law of Inheritance, which states that inherited traits are determined by genes, which segregate (separate) in the gametes • Mendel’s Second Law = Law of Independent Assortment, states that the inheritance of alleles for one trait does not affect the inheritance of alleles for another trait

  6. If you have a tall individual, where tall is dominant over short. How do you tell if they are homozygous or heterozygous? Test cross with recessive individual.

  7. Using Red and White flowers in your explanation, describe the theory of blending inheritance and why it was considered incorrect. Blending theory was the idea that the traits of an offspring would be a blend of its parents’ traits. So a red flowered plant and a white flowered plant would produce offspring with pink plants. This was considered incorrect because rarely did this ever actually happen in nature.

  8. What is heterozygous advantage? Situation in which heterozygous individuals have an advantage over both homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive individuals.

  9. What are genes that do not assert independently due to their proximity to each other on the same chromosome called? Linked genes.

  10. What is a karyotype and what is it’s purpose? It is the evaluation of the size, shape and number of chromosomes to help identify genetic problems as the cause of a particular disorder or disease.

  11. What is a carrier? An individual that has inherited the recessive allele for a certain genetic trait, but does not express that trait; it carries that trait and can transmit it to its offspring.

  12. What is a Punnett Square? It is a table used to calculate the probability of genotype and phenotype of offspring or it is a simple method of illustrating all possible combinations of gametes from a given set of parents

  13. What is the difference between Mendel’s 3:1 ratio and Mendel’s 1:2:1 ratio? Mendel’s 3:1 ratio is based on phenotype while Mendel’s 1:2:1 ratio is based on genotype

  14. What is the difference between cross-pollination and self-pollination? Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from one plant to another plant of the same species. Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen to the pistil of the same flower

  15. Why was cross-pollination important during Mendel’s pea plant breeding experiments? Because it allowed Mendel to control the breeding patterns in his pea plants easily.

  16. What is the difference between ‘F1 generation’ and ‘F2 generation’ between two true breeding plants with opposite forms of a trait? F1 generation are all (100%) heterozygous and are the parents of F2 generation. F2 generation are 25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive

  17. Plant A has Red flowers and was self fertilized and produced 100 red flowered plants. Plant B has Red flowers and was self fertilized and produced 79 red flowered plants and 21 white flowered plants. Why did Plant B produce white flowers if it was red and why do the numbers of plants produced not perfectly follow the mendelian ratio? Plant B is heterozygous and a carrier of the white flower allele. The reason the numbers of the plants don’t follow the ratio perfectly is because the ratio is only a probability of the possible phenotypes.

  18. What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis? Mitosis is the cell division process that occurs in somatic cells where cells divide only once, its purpose is for tissue repair, growth and cell replacement. Meiosis is the cell division process that occurs in gametes or germ cells where cells divide twice.

  19. Females carry 2 x chromosomes and males only have one. Why do we not see a different in the expression of x-linked genes between males and females? Due to Barr bodies, one of the x chromosomes condenses and becomes deactivated.

  20. Four One ______ viable sperm cells are produced at the end of mitosis, and _______ viable eggs are produced at the end of mitosis.

  21. The diploid number of chromosomes for dogs is 78. How many chromosomes are in the gamete cell of a dog? 39

  22. What disease do these characteristics represent? What is it caused by? • Single x-chromosome • Sterile female • Partially developed secondary sexual features • 1 in 5,000 live births. Turner Syndrome (XO), Aneuplodity

  23. What is the method of replication that uses one parent and one daughter strand to make new strand of DNA? Semiconservative

  24. What is cloning? It is the production of identical copies of molecules, genes, cells, or even entire organisms.

  25. What can cause mutations? Toxic compounds, radiation and viruses.

  26. Which of the chromosomes shown here are homologous? All but 4

  27. DNA is a long strand molecule consisting of repeating nucleotide units. Chromosomes are a length of DNA. On each chromosome are specific genes which code for different traits. Alleles are different forms (or versions) of a gene. Each chromosome has the same gene, but may have different alleles of that gene Explain the relationship between alleles, genes, chromosomes and DNA.

  28. Game 2 Typical, just typical Dominance Technologies What’s normal? Be Positive 20 20 20 20 20 40 40 40 40 40 60 60 60 60 60 80 80 80 80 100 80 100 100 100 120

  29. Widow’s peak is a simple dominant trait (W). If a student does not have a widow’s peak, and we know that her father doesn’t either but her mother does, what are the genotypes of all 3 individuals? The father would be homozygous recessive (ww), the student would be homozygous recessive (ww), but the mother would have to be heterozygous (Ww)

  30. In humans, albinism (lack of skin pigment) is due to a recessive gene. Suppose that two normally pigmented parents produce an albino child. What are the chances of their second child also being albino? 25%

  31. A male and female guinea pig are both heterozygous for fur colour and fur texture. Both dark fur (A) and rough fur (B) are dominant traits. Determine the frequency of offspring that have rough and dark fur. 9/16

  32. If the offspring of two tall plants are crossed and the exact genotype of each parent is unknown, using the principle of dominance what are the odds of having AA offspring? 7/12

  33. In cattle, horns (h) are recessive over hornlessness (H). A hornless bull is crossed with three cows, A, B, and C. Cow A is horned and produces calf A1 which is also horned. Cow B is hornless and produces calf B1, which is horned. Cow C is horned and produces calf C1, which is hornless. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of all seven animals Bull: hornless (Hh) Cow A: horned (hh) Calf A1: horned (hh) Cow B: hornless (Hh) Calf B1: horned (hh) Cow C: horned (hh) Calf C1: hornless (Hh)

  34. A calico cat has 2 different coloured patches on its body what causes this phenomenon Codominance

  35. What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance? Incomplete dominance means neither allele types are dominant. Codominance means both allele types are dominant

  36. What is the difference between codominance and multiple alleles inheritance? Codominance is when there is a possibility of two alleles being expressed equally, whereas multiple alleles inheritance is when there is more than possible two allelic forms of a gene.

  37. If a homozygous black bull is mated with a homozygous white cow and the calf is gray, this would be an example of ____________________. However, if the calf has black and white spots this would be an example of _______________. Incomplete Dominance Codominance

  38. A farmer wants to establish a pure strain of roan cattle that breeds true. Why is this impossible? Roan is codominant, RWRR, so when you cross them you don’t get a 1:0, you get a 1 white : 2 roan : 1 red

  39. The giant panda is an endangered species partially due to the very small window that females are receptive to breeding. Natural inseminations by males rarely result in a fertilized egg. What method might a laboratory conservationist be able to use to ensure egg fertilization? in vitro fertilization

  40. What is one benefit of developing genetically engineered medical products such as insulin? Cheaper to make in large quantities.

  41. Why are stem cells so important to medical research? They are unspecialized cells that have the potential to be made into organs and other tissues that the body will not reject.

  42. Explain one way cloning is used today. Cloning is used in agriculture to produce many copies of the same high-quality crop plant. In medicine, cloning is used to produce identical strains of bacteria for research. Gene cloning is used to make certain medications such as insulin. Cloning (through Polymerase Chain Reaction) is used to copy DNA sequences for crime scene investigation

  43. Prenatal genetic testing has significant benefits. However, many ethical dilemmas are also associated. Name one dilemma. Termination of pregnancy or potential discrimination against persons with disabilities.

  44. A phenotypically normal male who has a hemophilic brother marries a homozygous normal woman. What is the probability that any of their children will be hemophilic? 0%, not possible

  45. What disorder is a mucus causing inflections in lungs and pancreas, and causes males to be infertile? Cystic Fibrosis

  46. What disorder is this showing? What is the cause? Trisomy 21 (Downs syndrome), non-disjuntion

  47. Looking at the following pedigree, what type of disorder can you rule out? Can not be X-linked

  48. Sickle cell disease is caused by a single mutation in the DNA of a particular gene. A person with this disease has red blood cells that lose their original donut shape and form a sickle shape. People with this disorder suffer from low energy levels, blood clots, and strokes. This is an example of _______________. Pleiotropy

  49. Progeria is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that causes individuals to age rapidly. If one parent is normal and the other had a mutation leading to the abnormal gene causing the disease, what is the probability that their offspring will inherit the disease? 50%

  50. A woman with blood type B has a child with blood type O. She claims the child is a man’s with blood type A. Is it possible that this child is his? Yes

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