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AFRICA’s UNENDING CONFLICTS

This article examines the devastating conflicts and civil wars in Africa, with over 9 million refugees and internally displaced persons. It explores the complexities behind these crises, including internal power struggles, ethnic tensions, and the impact of failed states. Notable conflicts highlighted include Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Côte d'Ivoire, and Mali. Each case illustrates the profound human cost of violence and the ongoing struggle for power and autonomy within African nations.

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AFRICA’s UNENDING CONFLICTS

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  1. AFRICA’s UNENDING CONFLICTS By MATESO L. Materne (ALYM) Feb 23-2013

  2. Hundreds and thousands of people have been slaughtered from a number of conflicts and civil wars, and “there have been over 9 million refugees and internally displaced people from conflicts in Africa”. UNHCR

  3. Ask yourself a question : “ What If this scale of destruction and fighting was in Europe ? “

  4. Why these conflicts ? There are a number of reasons : • Internal battles to gain control of an existing state • Ethnic groups seeking greater autonomy or striving to create an independent state for themselves . • Failed states. • IGNORANCE !

  5. Respects…

  6. A look at some of the recent conflicts : ANGOLA ( civil war ) Casualties: more than 500,000 killed and over 1 M internally displaced . Duration :1975 -2002 Savimbi militarily trained in China Found UNITA in 1966 Fought along MPLA for the independence of Angola Jonas SAVIMBI

  7. Santos ,Comunist president of the republic and president of MPLA : 1979-present • Peace accord and free elections:1992 Savimbi 40 % Dos santos 49 %. • Death of Savimbi envoy ( his VP )…No 2nd round! • Death of Savimbi: 2002 José Eduardo dos Santos

  8. CONGO(DRC) KIVU conflict General in FARDC 2004 : formed CNDP cause : marginalization of his minority people and threat caused by FDLR 2009: arrested in Rwanda and CNDP became a political party 2012 : M23 movement Late 2012 : withdrawal following kampala meeting Gen . Laurent NKUNDA

  9. Nkunda total army : 6000-8000 men • Congolese total army : 144,000-159,000 men • MONUSCO : 16,000men • Death toll : 5.4 million people 1998-2008. ranked the world’s deadliest conflict since World War II!! • Human right crimes CHILD soldiers

  10. Rape Pillaging “DRC …When natural resources get to be a curse “

  11. CAR (Central African Rep.) • 2003 : Coup d’etat by the current president Francois Bozize . • 2004-2007 : CAR Bush war . • 2007 : Peace agreement with the rebels integration. • 2012 : conflicts resumed . Cause : Government trying to play smart. • 2013 : Peace agreement but keep the seized territorry. Francois BOZIZE .

  12. KENYA 2007-2008 post- presidential election crisis • Contesters : Mwai KIBAKI (inc. president) vs Raila ODINGA (opposition) • Early results : ODINGA’s victory • Official results : KIBAKI victory. • Within minutes VIOLENCE broke out … Mwai KIBAKI Raila ODINGA

  13. casualties: Death toll : more than a 1000 people Displacement : More than 600,000 people • End of violence : early 2008. agreement on power sharing followed by creation of PM post .

  14. ZIMBABWE 2008 Election crisis • Probably the most hated human being alive … • In office : 1987 –present ( tech. since independence 1980 as PM ) • Present GAMAL Abdel Nasser (Egypt 1956-1970 ) ? • ………… Robert MUGABE NASSER

  15. Land reform policies White minority : < 1% of the country’s population . Owned : 47% of the country’s arable land . 70% of the best farming land . 2000 : MUGABE distibuted the land to the black community ….thus the start of the so called international community sanctions . Aftermath : the once prosperous agricultural industry suffered badly ….and the country went into a deep mess, Food insecurity

  16. Hyper-inflation Homelessness

  17. 2008 elections : 1st round results delayed for a month : MUGABE 43 % TSVANGIRAI 48 % • Disappointed MUGABE started going after his opponent’ supporters . • TSVANGIRAI withdrawal 2nd round : MUGABE 83 % TSVANGIRAI 9 % ! • Political violence • Power sharing , TSVANGIRAI appointed as PM. Robert MUGABE Morgan TSVANGIRAI

  18. Lesson learnt ? • 1st time accident • 2nd time carelessness • 3rd time ? IGNORANCE .

  19. COTE D’IVOIRE • 2000 : Gbagbo’s victory over Gen. Robert Guéï , the latter refused . street protests bring gbagbo to power . • 2002-2005 : civil war due to discremination of the notherners mostly foreign descent . • 2005 : Cease –fire and peace agreement Laurent GBAGBO Alasanne OUATTARA

  20. 2010 : Presidential election after being postponed 6 times (6 years ). • Ouatara victory over Gbagbo . Gbagbo refused to recognize the result and self proclaim the winner ! • Specialty : 2 president in in the country ! • 2010-2011: Crisis and Gbagbo arrest by Ouattara forces .

  21. MALI NOTHERN MALI conflicts • For sometime Tuaregs from the north had formed a rebellion (MNLA) …seeking for independence . • March 2012 : coup d’etat by angry low rank officials grouped in CNRDR cause : president’s handling of the crisis in the north. coup leader : Cap.Amadou SANOGO Frm pres. Amadou TOURE Capt. SANOGO

  22. Consequences : • April 2012 : Touareg rebels backed by islamist group ANSAR DINE took over the north and declare independence • ANSAR DINE imposition of strict sharia law • Misunderstanding between ANSAR DINE and MNLA • ANSAR DINE take -over TOUAREGS ANSAR DINE

  23. Foreign intervention • January 2013 : French military (major player ) • AU forces … • February 2013 : Nothern MALI retaken ….

  24. Religion

  25. SOMALIA’s AL SHABAB

  26. NIGERIA’s BOKO HARAM “Since its founding in 2001, they have been responsible for between 3,000 to 10,000 deaths.” :wikipedia

  27. THANKS…….. There is still hope ….The Future is bright

  28. References : • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War • http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/crisis-in-zimbabwe • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu_Conflict • http://www.globalissues.org/article/87/the-democratic-republic-of-congo

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