CIVIL AIR PATROL United States Air Force Auxiliary Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama

1. CIVIL AIR PATROL United States Air Force Auxiliary Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama

2. Disclaimer:This presentation is for the exclusive use of the Civil Air Patrol and is not to be used for sale or profit.

3. AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS AND AIRPORTS Aerospace Dimensions MODULE 2 By Patrick B. Smith, Washington Wing, CAP

4. Chapter 1 - Airplane Systems Upon completion of this chapter, the cadet should know: • Explain how a reciprocating engine operates • Identify parts of the airplane engine when viewed externally • Describe how a jet engine operates • Identify basic cockpit-mounted power-plant controls. • Identify basic flight instruments

5. Important Terms - Speaking the Language of Airplane Systems • power-plant - a term which applies to the airplane’s engine and its accessories • reciprocating - a type of engine that processes air and fuel by a back and forth movement of its internal parts • cycle - a recurring series of event. The airplane engine has four cycles: intake, compression, power and exhaust • combustion - the chemical process of burning • combustion chamber - an enclosed container in which fuel and air are burned for the production of energy • stroke - the movement of the piston, within the combustion chamber, to its limits

6. Important Terms - Speaking the Language of Airplane Systems • compression - the act of making a given volume of gas smaller • stoichiometric - a ration of fuel to air in which, upon combustion, all the fuel is burned • rich mixture - a mixture of gasoline an air in which there is more gasoline and less air than needed for normal combustion • lean mixture - a mixture of gasoline and air in which there is less fuel and more air • fuel - a chemical substance which is used as a source of energy • meter/metering - the process of allowing a precise amount of fuel to pass

8. THE AIRPLANE’S ENGINE • Every internal combustion engine must have certain basic parts in order to change heat into mechanical energy. These are the cylinder, intake valve, exhaust valve, piston and connecting rod.

9. Modern Aircraft Powerplant Operation

10. Modern Aircraft Powerplant Operation • Cylinder Arrangements

11. Converting Chemical Energy to Mechanical Energy

12. Comparing the Reciprocating, Jet and Rocket Engines

13. Comparing the Reciprocating, Jet and Rocket Engines

14. Comparing the Reciprocating, Jet and Rocket Engines

15. The Chemistry of Power An airplane engine is a “heat” engine. IT converts heat energy into mechanical energy and it’s the mechanical energy that turns a propeller.

16. The Gravity System Common General Aviation Aircraft

18. The Pitot-Static System

20. Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229

21. Airplane Instrumentation

22. The Cessna 182’s Flight Deck

23. The Larger the Aircraft, the Flight Instruments Remain Basically the Same Like in this B-36J

24. The Flight Engineer’s Station on the B-36J. The Invention of the Jet Engine eliminated over 200 Individual Instruments.

25. Douglas DC-8’s Front Office The Boeing 747’s

26. The instruments may not change, but their form sure has. The mechanical dials and gauges are replaced with computer screens and digital displays. Take a look at the Next Generation “Glass Cockpit” on the Boeing 777.

27. Chapter 2 - Airports Upon completion of this chapter, the cadet should know: • Explain the basic layout of a general aviation airport • Identify taxiway and runway signs and markings • Explain the role of the Federal Aviation Administration in controlling air traffic • Identify the different phases of the flight profile • List the phonetic alphabet

28. Important Terms - The Language of Airports • ATC - air traffic control • beacon - a tower-mounted, large rotating light at an airport • controlled airport - an airport with an operating control tower • control tower - a structure that houses air traffic controllers • course - the intended path of flight, measured in angular degrees from true or m magnetic north • FAA - Federal Aviation Administration • FSS - Flight Service Station

29. Important Terms - The Language of Airports • heading - the direction that an airplane points, with respect to true or magnetic north, including any wind displacement • noise abatement - a policy set forth by a governing body that controls the noise impact upon a community surrounding an airport • ramp - the airport’s “parking lot” • runway - a dedicated pathway for taking off and landing airplanes • runway heading - a magnetic number that corresponds with the runway • segmented circle - a set of indicators, usually surrounding an airport’s wind sock, that provide traffic pattern information to a pilot in the air

30. The Airport Environment

32. THE FLIGHT PROFILE

33. RUNWAY MARKINGS

34. RUNWAY MARKINGS

36. AIRPORT LIGHTING

37. WIND DIRECTION INDICATORS

38. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AT AIRPORTS • ALFA • BRAVO • CHARLIE • DELTA • ECHO • FOXTROT • GOLF • HOTEL • INDIA • JULIET • KILO • LIMA • MIKE • NOVEMBER • OSCAR • PAPA • QUEBEC • ROMEO • SIERRA • TANGO • UNIFORM • VICTOR • WHISKEY • XRAY • YANKEE • ZULU

39. Chapter 3 - Airport to Airport - Aeronautical Charts Upon completion of this chapter, the cadet should know: • Describe the basic layout of a sectional chart • Explain the sectional chart legend • Identify latitude and longitude lines • Identify features such as railroads, pipelines, obstructions and highways • Identify all of the information given about an airport

40. Important Terms - The Language of Charts • cartography - the art and science of creating charts and maps • chart - a projection, usually on paper, showing a body of land and other features such as water. The chart gives information, usually in the form of symbols, graphs or illustrations • fix- the intersection of two lines of position • latitude - a system of lines that run parallel to the equator, also know as parallels • line of position (LOP) - the concept that an airplane is located somewhere along a given line • longitude - a system of lines, know as meridians, between the north and south poles • map - a representation of the surface of the Earth (or of the sky/space above • nautical mile - a unit of length that is approximately 3076 feet

41. Important Terms - The Language of Charts • projection - a method of transferring a portion of the Earth’s surface onto a flat chart. The most widely used in aeronautical charts is the Lambert Conformal Conic • relief - a term used to describe elevations. A relief is depicted by color tints, contour lines and shading • sectional -a chart specifically designed for aviation use and Visual Flight Rules. The scale is 1:500,000 or approximately 8 statute miles to one inch • scale - the size of an item, ore area, on a chart, compared to it in actuality • statute mile - a unit of length that is 5,280 feet • tick - a small, or abbreviated mark on a line • WAC - World Aeronautical Chart. Covers a larger area than the sectional chart. The scale is 1:1,000,000 or 16 statute miles per one inch

45. A SYSTEM OF GLOBAL ORGANIZATION

46. Sectional Aeronautical Charts

47. Sectional Aeronautical Charts

48. The Legend and Its Symbols

49. MAY YOU ALMOST ALWAYS NEVER FLY HORIZONTAL! Are there any questions?