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Evolution of Hominid Tool Use: From Australopithecus to Homo Sapiens

This chapter explores the evolution of tool use among early hominids, including Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Australopithecus was the first hominid, using basic sharpened stones for processing food. Homo habilis emerged with more advanced tools, showcasing their ability to create simple instruments. Homo erectus mastered fire and utilized spears for hunting larger animals, while Homo sapiens developed sophisticated tools like bows and arrows and even constructed huts. This evolution reflects the increasing complexity of early human society and culture.

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Evolution of Hominid Tool Use: From Australopithecus to Homo Sapiens

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  1. Chapter 2, Section 1 Warm-Up Describe how each hominid we have studied (Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and finally, Homo sapien) used tools. What kind of tools did each use? What do you think they used them for?

  2. The First People

  3. Key Vocabulary Words • Prehistory- The time before there was writing • Hominid- an early ancestor of humans; walked upright • Ancestor- a relative who lived in the past

  4. Key Vocabulary Words • Descendants - people born later • Tool- any handheld object that has been modified to help a person accomplish a task • Paleolithic Era- first part of the stone age that lasted until about 10,000 B.C.

  5. Key Vocabulary Words • Society- a community of people who share a common culture • Hunter-gatherers- people who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive

  6. Important Places • The Great Rift Valley (East Africa)

  7. Olduvai Gorge (In the Great Rift Valley)

  8. Man’s Early Ancestors • Australopithecus 4 to 5 million Y.A. • Homo habilis 2.4 million Y.A. • Homo erectus 2 to 1.5 million Y.A. • Cro-magnon 200,000 Y.A

  9. Ardipithecus • Recently discovered • Early hominid • Bi-ped • “Ardi” skeleton is 4.4 million years old

  10. Australopithecus • “Southern Ape” • First hominid, meaning it could stand upright • “Lucy” found in 1974, believed to be 3.2 million years old

  11. Australopithicus

  12. Homo Habilis • “Handy Man” • First hominid to use very simple tools • Was taller and had a larger brain

  13. Homo Erectus • “Upright man” • Controlled fire • The first hunters • Traveled over land bridges from Africa to begin to populate world about 1 million years ago

  14. Homo Erectus

  15. Homo sapiens • Modern man • Bows and arrows, well constructed huts • Used honey to sweeten food • Cave paintings

  16. Tools • The Stone Age is divided by hominid use of tools at the time • Early tools were sharpened stones • First tools used to process food • Cut, chop, scrape • Called “choppers” • Paleolithic Era is the Old Stone Age • Lasted about 10,000 years

  17. Tools • Later tools included hand axes from flint • Spears used to hunt large animals • Using spears, deer, bison, horses and mammoths could be caught

  18. Most Important Developments • Language • Makes hunting groups easier • A way to form relationships • A way to resolve issues like the distribution of food • Art and religion

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