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Diverse World of Pleuronectiformes: Evolution, Families, and Adaptations

Explore the fascinating world of Pleuronectiformes, a monophyletic group comprising 11 families of flatfish. Learn about their unique features, habitats, and evolution of asymmetry. Discover why conservation efforts are crucial for species like the Atlantic Halibut. Dive into the depths of marine life with Pleuronectiformes!

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Diverse World of Pleuronectiformes: Evolution, Families, and Adaptations

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  1. Pleuronectiformes! By: Steve Mussmann and Christine Knight

  2. Where it’s at… • Monophyletic group • 11 families

  3. Pleuronectiformes • Bilaterally symmetrical as larvae • Eye migrates and asymmetrical as adult • Adults lack swim bladder • Mostly marine… only a few freshwater species • Compressed body • Benthic fishes • Eat benthic invertebrates and fish

  4. All the families… • 11 families Achiridae- American Soles Achiropsettidae- Southern Flounders Bothidae- Lefteye Flounders Citharidae- Citharids Cynoglossidae- Tonguefishes Paralichthyidae- Large Tooth Flounders Pleuronectidae- Righteye Flounders Psettodidae- Psettodids Samaridae- Crested Flounders Scophthalmidae- Turbots Soleidae- Soles

  5. Achiridae- American Soles • 33 species • Eyed-side lower lip has fleshy rim • Occur in fresh, brackish, and marine habitats

  6. Achiropsettidae- Southern Flounders • 6 species • Only marine habitats • Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic waters • Eyes on left side • Pectoral fins tiny or absent

  7. Bothidae- Lefteye Flounders • 162 species • Only marine • Temperate and tropical---Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans • Eyes on left • No spines in fins • Anus on blind side

  8. Citharidae- Citharids • 7 species • Only marine • Mediterranean, Indian, and Japan to Australia • Eyes either side • Short pelvic fins • Anus on eyed side

  9. Cynoglossidae- Tonguefishes • 140 species • Fresh, brackish, and marine habitats • Tropical and sub-tropical • Eyes small and on left side • Asymmetrical mouth • No pectoral fins • Commercially important

  10. Paralichthyidae- Large-tooth Flounders • 116 species • Fresh, brackish, and marine habitats • Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans • Eyes on left side • No spines in pelvic and pectoral fins

  11. Pleuronectidae- Righteye Flounders • 102 species • Fresh, brackish and marine habitats---mostly marine • Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans • Eyes on right side • Camouflage • Fins have no spines • Commercially important http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty9f5_pxMas

  12. Psettodidae- Psettodids • 3 species • Marine only • Most primitive • Few vertebrae • Swim upright • Eyes on either side

  13. Samaridae- Crested Flounders • 21 species • Marine only • Indo-pacific---tropical and sub-tropical waters • Deep waters • Postcleithrum absent

  14. Scophthalmidae- Turbots • 9 species • Brackish and marine waters • North Atlantic, Baltic, Mediterranean, Black seas • Eyes on left side • Large mouth---prominent jaw

  15. Soleidae- Soles • 163 species • Fresh, brackish, and marine habitats • Europe to Australia and Japan • Eyes on right side • No fin spines • Commercially important

  16. Evolution of Asymmetry • Born with eyes on both sides of head • Gradually migrates so eyes on same side of head • Adults are asymmetrical http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bldN-lbyqsE

  17. Matt Friedman 2008 • Evolution of asymmetry gradual or in one large jump? • Discovered transitional fossil that has asymmetrical skull eyes on both sides of the head!

  18. Find the Flounder?! • Chromatophore • Pigment containing • Light reflecting http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAZSg2tqe7k

  19. Experiment! • Winter Flounder

  20. Conservation… • IUCN lists Atlantic Halibut as endangered and the Yellowtail Flounder as vulnerable • Overfishing • Late age of sexual maturity • Looking for alternative species to fish

  21. Review Questions! • Name three traits shared by the Pleuronectiformes. • What is unique about the Southern Flounders? • In what family is camouflage most common? • What are the advantages of camouflage for Pleuronectiformes? • Make an argument for the gradual evolution of asymmetry in Pleuronectiformes. • Describe the development of a flatfish. • What are some reasons for the endangered status of the Atlantic Halibut?

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