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The Rise of the Civil Rights Movement: Sit-Ins, Freedom Rides, and the 1964 Act

The early 1960s marked a pivotal era in the Civil Rights Movement with significant actions like sit-ins, freedom rides, and James Meredith's efforts at the University of Mississippi. The sit-in movement, which began in Greensboro, sparked nationwide protests led by students. Freedom Rides challenged segregation on interstate buses, facing violence but gaining federal support. Protests in Birmingham and the March on Washington highlighted the need for the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ultimately prohibited segregation in public spaces and discrimination in employment.

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The Rise of the Civil Rights Movement: Sit-Ins, Freedom Rides, and the 1964 Act

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Presentation Transcript

  1. 18-2 The Movement Gains Ground

  2. Objectives • Describe the sit ins, freedom rides and the actions of James Meredith in the early 1960s. • Explain how the protests at Birmingham and the march on Washington were linked to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. • Summarize the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

  3. Sit In Movement • Discrimination persisted after Brown decision • Greensboro, NC (February 1960): beginning of sit in movement at a Woolworth’s Counter • Student participation • Sparked sit ins across country • Creation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) April 1960

  4. Freedom Rides • Boynton vs. Virginia= interstate bus segregation is illegal • CORE wanted to challenge system • Spring 1961= 2 buses traveled from Washington DC to Jackson, Mississippi and violated Jim Crow laws • Bomb thrown on board in Anniston, Alabama and riders attacked in Birmingham • New president= JFK ordered protection for the Riders the rest of the way

  5. James Meredith • 1962 Court case ordered desegregation of University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) • James Meredith backed by the NAACP • Gov. Ross Barnett focused on maintaining segregation • AG sent federal marshals to protect Meredith and escort him to the registrar’s office • Riot erupted on campus 160 injured and 2 dead

  6. Birmingham Campaign • Birmingham, Alabama= most segregated city in US 1963 • SCLC focused attention there with marches and sit ins • MLK arrested and wrote “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” • Blacks can no longer wait for equality! • Protest unjust laws! • Issues heightened when police dogs and fire hoses turned on peaceful protestors • Regular Americans= disgusted

  7. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • JFK called for a new civil rights bill • 200,000+ participated in the March on Washington to promote its passage • SCLC, NAACP, SNCC • MLK’s “I Have a Dream Speech” delivered at march

  8. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • JFK assassinated in Nov. 1964 new president, Lyndon Johnson pushed for the bill’s passage • Civil Rights Act of 1964= landmark legislation! • Banned segregation in public accommodations • Federal government could compel school desegregation • Prosecute violators of civil rights • Outlawed discrimination in employment because of race, color, sex or national origin

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