Motivation and Emotion

Motivation and Emotion Chapter 6

Biological Motives • The Biology of Motivation • Drive Reduction Theory

The Biology of Motivation • Homeostasis • the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

Hunger • Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) • when stimulated animals begin eating • if removed animals stop eating and starve to death

“go” signal • Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) • when stimulated animals slow or stop eating • if removed animals eat everything

“stop” signal • Affected by temperatures • LH by cold • VMH by warm

Glucostatic Theory • Hypothalamus monitors glucose in the blood

Pancreas • insulin- calories to energy • glucogon- converts stored energy back to useful energy • Set point- day to day weight

Obesity • Stanley Schachter • Obese people respond to external cues • “Taste Test” • crackers and almonds

Overweight people respond to external cues • Normal weight people respond to internal cues • Anxiety and depression are not a cause of overeating • occur just as frequently

Drive Reduction Theory • Clark Hull • Physiological needs drive an organism to act in either random or habitual ways until its needs are satisfied • All human motives are extensions of basic biological needs

Harry Harlow • Some experiences are inherently pleasurable but don’t reduce biological drives • Drive for stimulation as plausible as a drive to reduce stimulation

Social Motives • Measuring the Need for Achievement • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Social Motives • Henry Murray • Theory of personality includes 16 basic needs • Mostly social motives rather than biological needs

Measuring the Need for Achievement • David McClelland • Interested in finding a quantitative way of measuring social motives

Thematic Appercetion Test (TAT) • series of pictures • stories made up for pictures • coded for themes and scored according to relevance to various types of needs

coders agree 90% of the time • 1947 test group • more entrepreneurs scored high than nonentrepreneurs

Fear of Success • Marina Horner • Tested 89 men and 90 women • “After first term finals, John/Anne finds himself at the top of his medical school class”

Men- 90% wrote success stories • Women- 65% predicted doom for Anne • Identified a motive to avoid success • Female success was odd and unfeminine

Could mean failure as a woman if successful in a traditionally male field • Later research • hard to define success • seen in males and females • 45% of men and 49% of women

Other Theories • Expectancy-value Theory • likelihood of success • what the goal is worth to you

Competency Theory • to prove and improve our competency we choose moderately difficult tasks where both successes and failures may be instructive

ring-toss game

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Fundamental Needs • biological drives, safety, security • Psychological Needs • belong and receive love, acquire self-esteem through competence and achievement

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Self-actualization Needs • pursuit of knowledge and beauty, realization of one’s unique potential • Research does not support that one need must be satisfied before another can be

Emotion • Expressing Emotions: Innate and Learned Behavior • Physiological Theories • Cognitive Theories

Emotion • Difference in biological drives and emotions • both involve changes in physiological state • source of behavior or feelings involved with behavior • May drive us to act • May serve as incentive for action

Expressing Emotions: Innate and Learned Behavior • Ekman and Friesen • photo study to recognize facial expressions • Facial expressions are innate • Blind/Deaf children • laugh, pout, frown, clench fists

Carroll Izard • coding system for assessing emotional states in people • 10 different states • used to study expressions in infants

James Averill • can’t separate thoughts and actions from experience of emotions • from social expectations or consequences • Differences among cultures

Physiological Theories • William James • we associate feelings with energy, tension, relaxation, and sensations in our stomach • James-Lange Theory • Cannon-Bard Theory

James-Lange Theory • Use emotion to describe our “gut” reactions to the things that take place around us • Emotions are the perceptions of certain bodily changes • Izzard and feedback from facial muscles

Cannon-Bard Theory • Evidence against James-Lange • physiological changes occur when people are not experiencing emotions • injecting a drug does not change emotions though it changes physical properties

Cannon-Bard Theory • Internal state of body changes slowly, not like the “rush” of emotions we sometimes get

Cannon-Bard Theory • Cannon called the thalamus the seat of emotion • Theory says certain experiences activate the thalamus, and it sends signals simultaneously to the body and the brain

Cognitive Theories • Bodily changes and thinking work together to produce emotions • Feelings depend on how you interpret your symptoms

Cognitive Theories • The Schachter-Singer Experiment • Opponent-Process Theory • Lie Detection

The Schachter-Singer Experiment • Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer • “Testing the effects of vitamin C on eyesight” • Adrenalin injection • Four Groups

Informed Group- truth (hearts race and bodies tremble) • Misinformed Group- make numb • Uninformed Group- not told anything • Control Group- received neutral injection without symptoms and told nothing

Taken to waiting room • Accomplice • wild and crazy • with offensive questionnaire became more and more angry

Results • groups 1 and 4 watched with mild amusement • groups 2 and 3 joined in with the accomplice • Internal components of emotion affect a person differently depending on perception of the social situation

Opponent-Process Theory • Homeostatic theory of emotional reactions • Richard Solomon and John Corbit • Any intense emotion, with repeated exposure, will bring about an internal counterforce

Lie Detection

Motivation and Emotion