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Understanding Virology: Properties, Types, and Genetic Engineering Applications

This course on virology explores the definition, properties, and classification of viruses, along with techniques for isolating, cultivating, and purifying bacteriophages. It delves into the physical and chemical attributes of viruses, such as their symmetry, presence of envelopes, and genetic composition (RNA/DNA). Students will examine plant viruses endemic to Africa, including the Cowpea mosaic virus and Cassava mosaic virus. The course also highlights the role of viruses in genetic engineering, focusing on the integration of foreign genes into host genomes and practical applications.

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Understanding Virology: Properties, Types, and Genetic Engineering Applications

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  1. MCB 403 VIROLOGY (3 UNITS) Co-ordinator : Dr Odedara, O.O.

  2. Course outlines • Definition of viruses • Chemical and physical properties of viruses • Principles of isolation, cultivation and purification of bacteriophages • Plant viruses endemic in Africa • Viruses and genetic engineering

  3. Viruses are obligate submicroscopic microorganisms • Physical properties of viruses include- • The viral symmetry • Presence/absence of an envelope • Possession of spikes

  4. Viral symmetry- a virus may either be an icosahedral or helical • Icosahedral –are spherical viruses e.g. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) genus Comovirus • Helical- rod shaped viruses e.g. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) • Spikes – made up of glycoproteins e.g. Influenza virus

  5. Envelope – Some viruses are enveloped e.g. Influenza virus • Chemical property of a virus is dependent on the type of nucleic acid a virus is possessing and the protein coat • A virus can only possess either of ribonucleic acid (RNA) e.g. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) genus Cucumovirus or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) e.g. Maize streak virus (MSV).

  6. Coat protein Lipid Carbohydrates Water Others such as possession of metallic ions Other chemical properties include

  7. Bacteriophages • Bacteria viruses are known as bacteriophages • Two types are known • -the lytic phages • - the temperate phages • The lytic types attack the host’s cell, distrupt its metabolism and cause lysis of the host cell

  8. While the temperate phage integrates its nucleic acid into the host’s bacteria chromosome in a process called LYZOGENIZATION e.g. Lambda (λ) phage

  9. Viruses and genetic engineering • The integration of foreign genes into the genomes of a cell is called Genetic engineering • Some viruses can integrate their genomes into the host’s genome e.g. lambda phage • When this happens, they become latent and get reproduced alongside the host’s genome

  10. Allowing their nucleic acid to be transmitted to each daughter cell from generation to generation • This method has been found useful in genetic engineering • For example, transferring of β-galactosidase gene from lactose positive strain of Escherichia coli to the negative strain through specialized transduction (β-galactosidase is needed for assimilation of lactose)

  11. Plant viruses endemic in Africa • Some of the plant viruses endemic in Africa include: • Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CAbMV) genus Potyvirus • Africa cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) • Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) genus Cucumovirus

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