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This chapter explores the male and female reproductive systems in both plants and animals. It explains how testes produce sperm and testosterone in males, detailing the journey from the testes to the penis through various organs. In females, it covers the role of ovaries, the menstrual cycle, fertilization, and the development of the embryo into a fetus. Additionally, it highlights the reproductive processes in seedless and seed-bearing plants, including the significance of spores and seeds in plant reproduction.
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Reproduction/Plants/Genetics Chapter 26 Chapter 12 Chapter 5
Male System • Testes • Organ • Makes sperm/testosterone • Testosterone= Male sex hormone • Sperm • Leaves the testes • Stored in the epididymis • Travels through the Vas Deferens/Prostate Gland • Mixes with fluid to make semen
Continuation • Semen • Leaves the body • Goes through the urethra to the penis • Penis • Transfers semen to the female body
Female Reproductive System • Ovaries(2) • Organs that make eggs • Release estrogen and progesterone • Main female sex hormones • Regulate the release of the eggs • Ovulation • Egg is released from the ovaries • Goes into fallopian tubes
Continuation • Uterus • Where a fertilized egg goes to be nurtured and feed by the mother • Vagina • The passage way for a baby to be born • Canal between the uterus/outside world
Menstrual Cycle • The monthly discharge of blood/tissue • Happens because an egg was not fertilized on about the 14th day • Begins around puberty and goes until the late 40’s or early 50’s
Fertilization to Embryo • Begins when sperm is deposited into a women's body • Sperm travels through the uterus and into the fallopian tubes • Fertilizes an egg(zygote) • This egg becomes an embryo once the first cell division takes place • Travels down the tubes into the uterus • Undergoes many cell divisions • Implantation into the uterus
Embryo to Fetus • Placenta • Grows after implantation • Provides the embryo with oxygen and nutrients from the mom’s blood • Waste products go into the placenta and then removed by the moms blood • Weeks 5-8 • Amniotic fluid grows • Umbilical Cord forms • Connects embryo to the placenta • Weeks 9-16 • Embryo becomes a fetus • Begins to look more human-like
Punnett Square • Eye Color
Plants • Nonvascular • Cannot move water and nutrients through the plant • Has no real root, stem, leaves • Depend on diffusion • Vascular • Can move water and nutrients through the plant • 3 groups • Seedless • 2 types of seeded
Vascular Plants • Seedless • Ferns, horsetails, club mosses • Non-flowering Seed • Gymnosperms • Conifers, ginkgoes, cycads, gnetophytes • Conifers=evergreen(needles/cone) • Flowering Seed • Angiosperms
Seeds/Spores • Seed • Form after sperm/eggs are joined • Made up of 3 parts • Young plants • Sporophyte • Stored Food • Found in cotyledons • Seed Coat • Protects the young plants
Spores • Spores • Found on seedless plants • Spread through the wind • Can reproduce without the help from another reproductive cell • Spores are produced by fungi and green plants(fern)
Structure of Seed Plants • Root/Shoot Systems • Supply the plants with nutrients/water • Root=Roots • Shoot=Stems/Leaves • Connected • By vascular tissue • Xylem • Transports water/minerals • Phloem • Transports food molecules
Random • Lichen • Flowerless plant • Algae/fungi • Grow/live together as a single unit
Random • Fibrous Root • Grasses • A mass of roots of about equal diameter • Taproot • Main root of a primary-root system • It grows vertically downward • Carrots and beets
