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EPISTEMOLOGY

EPISTEMOLOGY. It explain: origin of knowledge nature of knowledge Type of knowledge Methods of knowledge It basically deals with: How does a man know what is true or real? How do we acquire knowledge? What are different types of knowledge?

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EPISTEMOLOGY

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  1. EPISTEMOLOGY • It explain: • origin of knowledge • nature of knowledge • Type of knowledge • Methods of knowledge • It basically deals with: • How does a man know what is true or real? • How do we acquire knowledge? • What are different types of knowledge? • How can we be sure that it is true, not error or illusion?

  2. THREE POSITIONS • Agnosticism: conclusive knowledge of ultimate reality is an impossibility. • Skepticism: a questioning attitude towards the possibility of having any knowledge. • Affirmation: the position that true knowledge of ultimate reality is possible.

  3. WESTERN CONCEPT • AS PER PRAGMATISM: • Knowledge based on common experience is true, genuine & worthy • Experience is not only knowing but acting, doing & living • Emphasize functional knowledge & understanding • Experimental method is the best method • Truth & knowledge are one & same thing. If it is knowledge it must be true. • They don’t believe in knowledge for knowledge sake • All knowledge is activity

  4. IDEALISM • Knowledge is ultimate reality & that is highest • Knowledge is obtained through the medium of concepts, ideas or mind • Mind is store of knowledge • It can not be obtained through the methods of observation & experimentation • It can be obtained with an understanding of inner self • Idealists believe that the sources of attaining knowledge are meditation & salvation

  5. REALISM • Objects have an existence independent of any knowledge of them • Holds that qualities are part of life • Objects are directly known & not through medium of their ideas • Objects are universal means different objects appear differently to different people • Realism maintains that objects are precisely what they appear to be • Senses are the doors of knowledge • Realism believes that all knowledge is derived from experiences

  6. NATURALISM • Knowledge comes through senses • Senses are the gateway of knowledge • Through senses our mind establishes contact with external world • Direct knowledge of nature and bookish

  7. INDIAN CONTEXT • AS PER SANKHYA: • Two principle means for acquiring knowledge • External: senses & organs of actions • Internal: mind(maras), self consciousness(aham or ahankar), intellect(mahat), soul(purush) • There are three means of acquiring knowledge • Through the senses (pratyakshavidhi): in it learner obtains the knowledge of a certain object or activity through his own senses. (Matter+Spirit=knowledge)

  8. Inference(anuman vidhi): means knowledge based on some previous knowledge. In it we try to infer about some unknown subject on the basis of some known object • Shabda vidhi(statement of some authority or vedas) according to sankhya philosophy at places where it is not possible to acquire knowledge on the basis of pratyaksha, the perceivable and Anuman the testimony of shabda should be relied on .

  9. UPANISHAD • Para vidya or supreme vidya (spiritual vidya) is Brahma vidya(knowledge about God) • It is known as instrument for salvation • Apara vidya (knowledge about mundane affairs) is work centered knowledge(karanpradhan vidya) • There may be delay in getting the result of knowledge is obtained immediately • After getting brahma vidya a person gets salvation • Gyanmarg as enjoined by the upanishad is supreme path ( shresthamarg) • For salvation the knowledge about self is neessary • It is self knowledge or para vidya (spiritual knowledge) which is an instrument of salvation(moksha)

  10. BUDHISM • EIGHT FOLD PATH: • Right views(samyakadrsti): right knowledge because right actions proceed from it. • Right resolve(samyaksankalpa): hope to live with love. • Right speech(samyakvak): abstrain from all sorts of falsehood. • Right action(samyak karma): unselfish action. • Right living(samyakaajiva): freedom from fraud & dishinesty. • Right effort(samyakvyayama): eliminate all the bad ideas. • Right thought(samyakasmrti): mental stediness.thoughts should not be diluded by emotions. • Right concentration: (samyaksamadhi): free consciousness of reasoning& ultimately obtain indifference towards all pleasures & pains. This is stage of NIRVANA.

  11. JAINISM • It is pluralistic, since it belives in the manifoldness of both spirit & matter. • Knowledge: (1) immediate (2) mediate • Immediate • Avadhi: direct knowledge of things even at a space or time. • Manahparyaya: direct knowledge of thoughts of others. In boththe soul ha direct knowledge unaided by senses or the mind • Kevalajnana: is absolute & unlimited knowledge. This knowledge can be acquired through liberated souls. It is not limited by space, time or object.

  12. MEDIATE KNOWLEDGE • Mati includes both perceptual & inferential knowledge. • Pure perception in the sense of mere sensation cannot be knowledge. • Sensation to become knowledge must be given meaning. • Perceptual knowledge is regarded as mediate knowledge since it requires the mediation of thoughts.

  13. SRUTA: means knowledge derived from authority • The Instrument of Mati & Sruta knowledge are perception, inference & authority. • Knowledge according to jain may be again divided two kinds: • Pramana: knowledge of a thing as it is. • Naya: knowledge of a thing in its relation. It is relational & partial knowledge. Partial knowledge of one of the many aspects of a thing is called NAYA.

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