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ESTERIFICATION. H. H. H. H. O. H O. OH. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. O. THE DOTTED WHITE LINE SHOWS WHERE THE NEW BOND FORMS. C. C. C. C. C. PROPANOIC ACID. ETHANOL. O. C. C. C. C. C. +. HO H. ESTER LINKAGE.
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ESTERIFICATION H H H H O H O OH H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O THE DOTTED WHITE LINE SHOWS WHERE THE NEW BOND FORMS C C C C C PROPANOIC ACID ETHANOL O C C C C C + HOH ESTER LINKAGE ESTERIFICATION IS AN EXAMPLE OF DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS, WATER IS REMOVED, IS A PRODUCT ACID PART ALCOHOL PART ALCOHOL PART ACID PART ETHYL PROPANOATE
ADDITION (ALKENE) H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Br H H H Br Br H H H Br 2-BUTENE (CNH2N) BROMINE REMEMBER EACH C HAS 4 BONDS, EACH H ONLY 1, EACH HALOGEN ONLY 1 + Br2 C C C C ! REMEMBER: The halogen MUST bond to carbons where the double bond was located 2,3 DIBROMO BUTANE SAME AS C C C C C C C C ! 2,3 DIBROMO BUTANE, THESE STRUCTURES ARE NOT ISOMERS, THEY ARE THE SAME, THE SINGLE BOND ROTATES.
ADDITION (ALKYNE) H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Br H H H Br Br Br 2-BUTYNE(CNH2N-2) BROMINE + Br2 C C C C THE CIS AND TRANS ISOMERS ARE NOT INTERCHANGEABLE, THERE IS NO ROTATION OF DOUBLE BONDS 2,3 DIBROMO BUTENE + C C C C C C C C CIS ISOMER TRANS ISOMER
SUBSTITUTION (ALKANE) H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Br H H H Br H H H H H BUTANE(CNH2N+2) BROMINE + Br2 C C C C REMEMBER A MIXTURE OF ISOMERS MAY BE OBTAINED IN SUBSTITUTION. 2 BROMO BUTANE 1 BROMO BUTANE ! AND C C C C C C C C HBr
ISOMERS OF C4H10O H OH H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H OH H C C C C 1-BUTANOL C4H10O C C O C C C C C C DIETHYL ETHER 2-BUTANOL
ISOMERS OF C4H10O H OH H H H H OH H H H H OH H H H H H H H PRIMARY C C C C 1-BUTANOL C4H10O TERTIARY H 1 CH3 1 C 4 C 3 C 2 C 3 CH3 C 2 SECONDARY CH3 2-BUTANOL 2-METHYL-2 PROPANOL