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Understanding the Axial Skeleton: Structure and Function of the Skull and Vertebral Column

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This chapter focuses on the axial skeleton, a critical component of the skeletal system that includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It discusses the cranial structure, various cranial and facial bones, important foramina, and the unique features of the vertebral column. Learn about the organization of cranial bones, the anatomy of vertebrae, spinal curvatures, and common spinal disorders. This essential knowledge supports understanding of human anatomy and its relation to overall health.

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Understanding the Axial Skeleton: Structure and Function of the Skull and Vertebral Column

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  1. Chapter 20 The Axial Skeleton

  2. Skeletal system includes both: • Axial skeleton • Skull • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage • Appendicular skeleton • Pectoral and pelvic girdles • Upper and lower limbs

  3. The Skull

  4. The cranium • Cranial vault or calvaria • Superior, lateral, and posterior walls of the skull • Cranial floor or base • Anterior fossa • Middle fossa • Posterior fossa

  5. The skull • Consists of the cranium and the bones ofthe face • Sutures • Lambdoid-between occipital and parietal bones • Coronal-between parietal and frontal bones • Sagittal-between parietal bones • Squamous-between parietal and temporal bones

  6. The skull

  7. The skull

  8. The skull

  9. Cranial Bones • one occipital bone • foramen magnum • two parietal bones • one frontal bone • frontal sinuses • glabella • two temporal bones • auditory ossicles • one sphenoid • one ethmoid

  10. The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull

  11. The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull

  12. The Occipital and Parietal Bones

  13. Occipital and Parietal Bones • Occipital bone • Foramen magnum • Occipital condyle • External occipital protuberance • Parietal bone • Frontal bone • Supraorbital foramen • Glabella

  14. Frontal bone

  15. Temporal bone

  16. Temporal bone • Squamous suture • Zygomatic process • Zygomatic arch • Mandibularfossa • External auditory meatus • Styloid process

  17. Temporal bone is divided in regions • Mastoid process • Mastoiditis • Meningitis • Stylomastoid foramen • Passage for cranial nerve VII • Internal acustic meatus • Passage for cranial nerves VII and VIII

  18. The Sphenoid

  19. Sphenoid bone • Greater wings • Sellaturcica • For the pituitary gland

  20. The Ethmoid

  21. Ethmoid bone • Crista galli • Attachment of the dura mater • Cribiform plate • Passage of olfactory nerves

  22. Ethmoid bone • Perpendicular plate • Forms the superior part of the nasal septum • Superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates) • Covered by mucosa • Warms and humidifies the air

  23. Facial bones • Maxillary bones • Mandible • Palatine bones • Nasal bones • Vomer • Inferior nasal conchae • Zygomatic bones • Lacrimal bones

  24. Maxillae • Alveolar margim • Palatine process- anterior hard palate • Incisive fossa- passage for nerves and blood vessels

  25. Maxillary bone

  26. Vomer, Zygomatic and Lacrimal bones • Zygomaticbone • articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone forming the zygomaticarch

  27. Facial bones

  28. Mandible • Body- horizontal portion • Ramus-vertical portion • Mandibular condyle- articulates with temporal bone • Coronoid process • Angle • Alveolar margin- with sockets for the teeth • Mandibular foramen – site of Novocain injection

  29. The mandible

  30. The Mandible and Hyoid Bones

  31. Cranial Foramens to identify • External view: • Supraorbitalforamen-for blood vessels and nerves • Infraorbital foramen-blood vessels and nerves • Mental foramen-blood vessels and nerves • Stylomastoidforamen- nerve VII • Carotid canal-for carotid artery • External auditorymeatus-leads to eardrum • Incisivefossa-for blood vessels and nerves

  32. Cranial Foramens to identify • Internal view • Optic canal-for optic nerve • Superior and inferior orbital fissure • “ROS” • Rotundum- for a branch of V • Ovale-for a branch of V • Spinosum-for middle meningeal artery

  33. Cranial Foramens to identify • Foramen lacerum-internal carotid • Jugularforamen-for jugular vein; IX, X,XI cranial nerves • Internal acusticmeatus-for VII,VIII • Hypoglossal canal-for XII • Foramen magnum-for spinal cord

  34. The Vertebral Column

  35. Vertebral column • 7 cervical vertebrae • 12 thoracic vertebrae • 5 lumbar vertebrae • 5 sacrum fused vetebrae • 3-5 fused coccyx vertebrae

  36. Vertebral column • Intervertebral discs- pads of fibrocartilage between the vertebrae • Nucleus pulposus- central soft region • Annulus fibrosus- outer ring. Collagen fibers • Herniated disc- protusionof the nucleus pulposus

  37. Spinal curvatures Figure 7.16

  38. Spinal curvatures • Four spinal curves- posterior view • Primary curvatures – present at birth • Thoracic - convex • Sacral- convex • Secondary curvatures – develops after birth • Cervical- concave • Lumbar- concave

  39. Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine

  40. Structure of a typical vertebra • Body- rounded portion. Anterior part • Vertebral Foramen-for the spinal cord • Transverse process • Spinous process-single and posterior • Intervertebral foramina-it is seen when 2 vertebras are put together. Passage of the spinal nerves

  41. Cervical vertebra • Transverse foraminas- only present in cervical vertebrae • Atlas or C1 • No body • Join with the head and provides for range of motion (when you nod yes)

  42. Cervical vertebra • Axis or C2 • Odontoid process or dens-allows rotation of the head (when you nod no)

  43. Thoracic vertebrae • Spinous process-long and downward • Rib facet – for articulation with 1 rib

  44. Lumbar vertebrae • Massive body • Short and thick and more horizontal spinous processes • No rib facets • No transverse foramem • Superior and inferior articular processes

  45. Sacrum • Medial sacral crest-remnant of the spinous processes • Alae- formed by fusion of the transverse processes. It articulates with the hip bones • Sacral foramina- passage for blood vessels and nerves • Sacral canal- continuation of the verterbral canal

  46. Sacrum and coccyx • Sacral hiatus-inferior opening of the sacral canal • Sacral promontory- rim on the anterior and superior part of the sacrum • Coccyx • Attached to the sacrum by ligaments

  47. The bony thorax • Sternum • Manubrium-articulates with the clavicle • Body • Xiphoid process-inferior end. Made of hyaline cartilage in children and is ossified in adults • Jugular notch • Sternal angle-between the body and the manubrium

  48. The ribs • Tubercle – is inferior • Costal groove –depression along the inferior side • Sternal end-articulates with sternum

  49. Types of ribs • True • Ribs 1-7 • Attached to the sternum through their own cartilage

  50. Types of ribs • False • 8-12 • 8-10 are vertebrochondral ribs • Attaches to the sternum indireclty through the cartilage of the C7 • 11-12 are floating ribs • No attachment to the sternum

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