1. General Science Module 2 Tom DeRosa Creation Studies Institute www.creationstudies.org

2. Lesson 3Part 1

3. IntroductionFalling ObjectsThe Greek Way • Aristotle said that the speed of fall was proportional to the weight, another words if the heaviest object will fall faster than the lighter ones. • He believed that matter and energy was eternal. ( did not believe in Creator, God) • He also believed in spontaneous generation that took thousand of years to prove.

4. The New Science Galileo 1564 - 1642 • Galileo was the first to form systematic experiments • He disagreed with Aristotle because when he made careful observations of objects actually he found it not depend on how much an object weighs.

5. The Leaning Tower of Pisa Galileo experimented work on motions while he was professor of the University of Pisa Tower of Pisa leans at a 3.97 degree angle.

6. Does Weight Affect Speed?Experiment using the Scientific Method

7. Conclusion • Galileo over two next two decades changed his ideas and refined his experiments, and in the end he arrived at the law of falling bodies which states • “When objects fall in a vacuum regardless of their weight, shape or density fall exactly at the same rate. (uniformly accelerated)

8. Some other conclusiosn • Science is a human endeavor therefore subject to mistakes’ • Science is not a means by which something is proven. • All the conclusions that scientists make are tentative • Counter Example is one that contradicts conclusions.

9. Phlogiston TheoryPhlogiston = flammable material In 1600 Becher and Stahl created this theory • wood ---> calx (ash) + phlogiston (to the air) • ` • iron ---> calx (rust) + phlogiston (to the air) • Antoine Lavoisier (the father of modern chemistry) experimented with burning materials (combustion) came to the conclusion that phlogiston never existed.

10. Scientific Method • Hypothesis – An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a questionTheory – A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of dataScientific law – A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data • Grand Theory - large body of knowledge which laws, observations, theories and facts are put under that to gives a big working idea how God created a significant part of creation. • i.e. Atomic Theory: refers to atoms and they function, Gravitational Theory: How the forces gravity work

11. Grand Theory Tested hypothesis. Well-substantiated Laws Inferences Incorporate facts

13. Failures of the Scientific Method • Conclusions using the scientific method sometimes lead to error because man is limited in his observations and inherently bias. • Remember that the conclusions of science are always tentative. • Two Examples • Prediction of Mar’s Canals • BSC Theory of Superconductors

14. The War of the Worlds 1898 2005 H.G. Wells

15. Canals Observed on Mars • Gioavanni Schiaparelli studied Mars in detail and observed patterned straight lines on the surface of Mars, and called them "canali", Italian for channels. • Unfortunately, the Italian word “canali” was misinterpreted as the English word “canal” • Canal would mean that had to intelligent life to built those structures. that there where actual gave false hope that these structures were built by aliens. This caused a great deal of interest by many other scientists and the public that there was possibility of life on another planet. 1835-1910.

16. Mars – the Fourth PlanetOur next store neighbor • Mars is observed having a red color. • It is named after the Roman God of War.

17. Percival Lowell (1855-1916) • Lowell built an observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona in 1894 following the idea that their indeed where canals on mars produced by intelligence.

18. Percival LowellConclusions • Lines changer therefore the canals changed for water distribution. ( Intelligent life forms would change it) • Also observed that there were blue-green splotches on the planet. He suggested that was evidence of plant life. • Many suggested the two moons of Mars were constructed by the Martians. (Aliens on Mars)

19. Percival LowellConclusions were wrong • As the telescopes became more powerful the canals (lines) disappeared and were just an optical illusion. (eye fatigue) • The changing blue –green blotches were really dust moving from place to place caused by windstorms • Presently with robotic space craft roaming the planet and even bringing soil samples to earth there has not been any sign of life.

20. BCS Theory of Superconductors When electricity passes through a wire or any object there is usually a resistance then can usually build –up heat and in some material it gives off light.

21. Superconductivity • In 1911 Heike Onnes discovered superconductivity where electricity passed through a wire without any resistance • He found that could only wok at Temperatures so cold - 400 0F the coldest temperature ever during that time. (helium down to 0.9°K) Noble Price 1913 for Superconductivity in some metals like Mercury, tin and Lead

22. The BCS Theory • This theory was developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer in 1950 • This theory existed for 25 years that had detailed mathematical equations • Regardless of the substance the temperature at to be as low -400 0F

23. BCS Theory Challenged • Two Scientists from IBM (Bednorz and Muller) in 1986 • The Object floating is a magnet. • Underneath is a superconductor at temperature of -321 0F much higher than -400 0F

24. The Limitations of Science • Science cannot prove something • Science is not 100 percent reliable • Science works with the scientific method that is based on observation. • Science’s basic nature is to keep asking questions and the answers to these questions make it continuously change. • Science is not absolute like God.

25. Science and Christianity Using the Scientific Methodin the Word of God Are the predictions (biblical prophecy) made about the future true?