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Latin American Independence thinkers and leaders

Latin American Independence thinkers and leaders . 19 th century. Andres bello. NEOCALSICISM & ROMANTICISM. Andrés Bello ( 1781-1865). The most versatile of all Latin American humanists during this period is the Venezuelan polymath.

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Latin American Independence thinkers and leaders

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  1. Latin American Independence thinkers and leaders 19th century

  2. Andresbello NEOCALSICISM & ROMANTICISM

  3. Andrés Bello(1781-1865) • The most versatile of all Latin American humanists during this period is the Venezuelan polymath. • A great thinker who published major prose works in the humanities, law, philosophy, education, and philology. • His most well known work is the Castilian Grammar Intended for the Use by Americans (1847).

  4. Latin American Independence1803 – 1898 • The first quarter of the 19th century was spent becoming independent from each region's original European masters. • During this period the humanities continue to exist and to be produced; however, it is dramatically overshadowed by the monumental figures of the independence leaders themselves.

  5. Liberators • José de San Martín (1778-1850) • Simón Bolívar (1743-1804) • Fray Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753-1811) • José María Morelos (1765-1815) • José Martí (1853-1898).

  6. José de san martín

  7. José de San MartínArgentinian Liberator of Southern Cone of South America • 1778 -1850 • September 18, 1810  Buenos Aires • May 14, 1811  Paraguay • 1816  Brazil attacked Uruguay, and they captured Montevideo. • February 12, 1818  Chile. • July 28, 1821  Peru. • 1822  San Martín went to Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar.

  8. SIMónBOLíVAR

  9. SIMóNBOLívarVenezuelan Liberator of Northern South America • 1783 - 1830. • Followed social and political doctrines of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract. • Fusion of the governments of both England (monarchy) and the USA (federal republic). • 1815-16  Went to Haiti to asked the free Haitian leader, AlexandrePetion, for support.

  10. SIMóNBOLívarhis thoughts • Latin America (L.A.) lacks a "political attitude"; • (L.A.) has a heritage of neglect and ill treatment from Spain. • (L.A.) are "passive”. • (L.A.) has been governed by incompetent subordinates. • Democracy and republics are not appropriate for (L.A.) • (L.A.) does not need a monarchy, but it does need paternalistic governments. • Many small republics would suit (L.A.) better than the idea of manifest destiny, which was guiding the United States. • Mexico should lead all of (L.A.) , and should model an ideal for all of Latin America; but this result would not be possible throughout Latin America due to the obstacles of geography and climate differences.

  11. SIMóNBOLívarVenezuelan Liberator of Northern South America • 1821  Gran Colombia (Venezuela, Colombia –Panamá- and Ecuador) • 1822  Bolívar meets with José de San Martín in Guayaquil (Ecuador). • *August 11, 1825  Bolivia (Upper Perú). • 1828  Proclaimed himself dictator. It all ended in 1830.

  12. PADRE MIGUEL HIDALGO

  13. Padre (father) Hidalgo • Fray Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753-1811). • Internal exile in his home town of Dolores. • On September 16, 1810 (Mexican Independence Day) he made his famous "Grito de Dolores" (independence proclamation of Dolores). • Father Hidalgo led an army composed of 50,000 native soldiers*. • 1811, he was captured by the Spanish army and executed. • *Mexico became a republic in 1824.

  14. José maríamorelos

  15. José maríamorelosHero of Mexican Independence • 1765 - 1815. • He led the second phase of the Mexican War of Independence. • Like Miguel Hidalgo, was a Catholic priest. • Leads the second, third, and fourth independence campaigns until his death. • Morelos is considered the major hero of Mexico's independence campaigns.

  16. José martí

  17. José martí“Father of modernismo” • He is one of the great Latin American modernistas. • Born in 1895 • 1877  Moved to Guatemala, and he wrote the play Patria y Libertad: a drama indio(Country and Liberty: an Indian Play). • 1878  Hereturned to Cuba, where he signed the Pacto de Zanjónat the end of the failed Cuban Ten Years’sWar of independence against Spain. • 1880 He worked in New York City as the leader of the Cuban Revolutionary Party. • 1881  He moved to Venezuela.

  18. José martíPublications & speechs • 1891  Published his famous article “NuestraAmérica/ Our America” in La RevistaIlustrada (New York), in which he spelled out the modernista ideal of pride in Latin America as a place distinct. • 1891 In Tampa, Florida, he gave two patriotic speeches at the Cuban-American Club Ignacio Agramonte in Ibor City, Tampa, Florida, and Herman Norman painted one of the famous portraits of Martí. • 1892  Founded Patria, a Cuban journal of letters and politics.

  19. Latin American Romanticismcharacteristics • Afocus on the individual. • A dedication to personal and political liberty and freedom. • Passion in terms of emotions and the expression of individuality that may include suffering. • Appreciation for and treatment of new subject matters in art and ideas that include extremes such as the sublime or the ideal on the one hand and the ugly or grotesque on the other hand.

  20. Latin American Romanticismcharacteristics 5. Lyricism in music and poetry including melodramatic personal styles and melodrama in the theater or drama. 6. Foregrounding of sensitivity (la sensibilidad; lo sensible) to nature, the poor and the sick, etc. 7. Discovery or inclusion in the humanities of what traditional Latin American society, which had been dominated by culture from France, Spain, and Portugal, had been seen as exotic (i.e., coming from Asia, Oceania, or the Middle East, etc.).

  21. Gertrudisgoméz de avellaneda(Cuba 1814-1873)

  22. Gertrudisgoméz de avellanedaFeminist • Sab, (1841) • According to the cannon: This novel can be compared to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) in that both novels are literary protests against the practice of slavery. • However, in Sab, the writer draws a parallel between the subjugation of the slave and the second-class status of women. She writes: Como los esclavos, ellasarrastranpacientementesucadena y bajan la cabezabajo el yugo de lasleyeshumanas.  (Like slaves, women patiently drag their chains and lower their heads under the yoke of human laws.)  • Sabwas banned in Cuba.

  23. Gertrudisgoméz de avellanedaFeminist • Dos Mujeres, (Two Women)(1842) • Her second novelwas the equally controversial because it challenges the benefits of marriage. • “Deals with great topics of the 19th century: arranged marriages, adultery, infidelity, female education, women’s roles in patriarchal societies.” (María de los Angeles Ayala)

  24. Dos Mujeres, (Two Women) (1842) • Examined women's roles in religion, history, government, and the intellectual sphere. • Avellaneda was denied membership in the Royal Spanish Academy because of her gender, but she enjoyed enough success to earn a living from her writing. She was a popular figure in Cuba and Spain, and both countries claim her as part of their national literary heritage.

  25. Modernismo (2) • José Martí (Cuba) • 1875 Ismaelillo • Beginning of modernismo • Rubén Darío (Nicaragua) • 1888  Azul • 1916 (end of modernismo)

  26. José martí: PUBLICATIONS AND SPEECHES: • 1882  Ismaelillo, modernista poetry. • 1889  "Mother America” Washington, D.C. • 1891  Versos sencillos, modernista poetry. • 1891  Article “NuestraAmérica / Our America” in La RevistaIlustrada (New York). • 1891 Gave two patriotic speeches in IborCity, Tampa • 1892  Founded Patria.

  27. Rubén darío“end of modernismo”

  28. Rubén darío(1867-1916) • He was illegitimate and that his heritage includes white, black, and indigenous forebears. • In1888, his first major publication, Azul, which contains both prose and poetry. • From this time onward he worked as a diplomat and journalist. • He was a prolific, creative, innovative, and protean poet from Nicaragua. • Dies in 1916.

  29. AZUL (1888) • Carries no moral purpose, describe no feats of heroism, and do not use any clichéd Spanish themes. • The stories adopt a new worldly-wise tone, often suggesting Paris. • Evokes an erotic, sensual mood; creates vivid, ethereal images, and describes the artist and the unappreciated role of art in a bourgeois society. • Describes nymphs, fairies, and other characters that become symbolic or mythic.

  30. Modernism (1875-1916) • Modernism appeared at a time when traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, and many other social organizations were being made obsolete by the new economic, political, and social ideals of an emerging industrial world. • Humans have conquered the planet through technology.No longer was it God performing miracles, but man, who changed his world through the very tools he had created. • Through Modernism, the arts shifted focus from the divine to the mundane, reviving the stagnating schools of art and thought.

  31. See you Thursday Hasta el jueves Àjeudi Atéquinta-feira

  32. See you Tuesday Hasta el martes Àmardi Atéterca-feira

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