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Animal Classification

Animal Classification. Zoology. Taxonomy. Taxonomy Field of science that classifies organisms and defines their relationships All about grouping organisms (plants and animals) Originally by traits or characteristics Today, DNA is a part of the classification. Taxonomy.

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Animal Classification

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  1. Animal Classification Zoology

  2. Taxonomy • Taxonomy • Field of science that classifies organisms and defines their relationships • All about grouping organisms (plants and animals) • Originally by traits or characteristics • Today, DNA is a part of the classification

  3. Taxonomy • Divisions – broad to specific • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  4. Taxonomy • Kingdom • 2 original kingdoms • Plants and animals • Original 2 kingdoms started getting split in the mid-20th century – only 50-60 years ago • Today: 5-6 kingdoms

  5. Kingdoms • Modern Kingdoms • Monera – bacteria • Prokaryotes (no nucleus); always single-celled; may have plant, fungus, or animal characteristics • Archaea • Prokaryotes; single-celled; adapted to unusual and/or extreme conditions; have several different cellular chemistries from Monera • Protista • Eukaryotes (nucleus in cell); mostly single-celled or collections of very similar cells; may have plant, fungus, or animal characteristics

  6. Kingdoms • Plantae - plants • Eukaryotes; multicellular; capable of photosynthesis, production of complex molecules from simple molecules using light • Animalia – animals • Eukaryotes; multicellular; must obtain complex food molecules from external source, broken down and absorbed internally; usually capable of movement • Fungi – fungus • Eukaryotes; almost all multicellular; must obtain complex food molecules from external source, absorbed through external surface; almost never capable of movement

  7. Taxonomy • Variations • Some taxonomies include “super” kingdoms or Domains • Three domains • Bacteria – Monera • Archaea – Archaea • Eukarya – Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia • Remove Monera and Archaea and combine them into Bacteria • Separate Protista into Protista and Chromista

  8. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Porifera • Sponges • 5000 total • No tissues • Absorb food through filtration • Most have water intake and outlet openings • Can remold their bodies because most cells can move within the body and some change type

  9. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Cnidaria and Ctenophora – jellyfish • 2 cell layers with jelly-like layer between them, inter-cell connections • Carnivores • Cnidaria – cnidocytes, fire harpoons, • Ctenophora – colloblasts, cell used to capture prey • Major Classes of Cindaria • Hydrozoa – hydras • Scyphozoa – Jelly fish • Antozoa – Sea annenanenamies

  10. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Platyhelminthes – tapeworms • Flatworms • No body cavity, no specialized circulatory and respiratory organs • Nematoda – round worms - unsegmented worms • Digestive system is a tube with openings at both ends • Space between digestive organs and outer skin • Major Classes • Hookworms – enter body through skin and up in digestive track • Pinworms – live in lower intestine and lay eggs in your rectum • Trichinella – flu like worm

  11. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Mollusca – snails, clams, squids • 150,000 species • Mantle (cavity for breathing), shell, organization of the nervous system, broad muscular foot, radula (rasping “tongue”), multiple functions of organs, open system circulation, complete digestive system • Major Classes • Bivalvia – oysters, clams, muscles • Gastropoda – Snails and slugs

  12. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Annelida – segmented worms – earthworms, leeches • Over 15,000 species • Long bodies with segments, repetition of internal organs, closed circulatory systems, outer covering made of collagen • Bilateral semetry • Major Classes • Polychaeta – Bristleworms • Hirudinea – leaches • Oligochaeta - Earthworms

  13. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Echinodermata – starfish • 6,000 species – mostly marine • Adults possess five-side symmetry, skeleton composed of plates, ring water vascular system, regeneration • Major Classes • Brittle Stars, Sand Dollars, Sea Lilies, Sea Cucumbers, Sea Urchins, Sea Stars

  14. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Arthropoda – insects, arachnids, crustaceans • Exoskeleton, segmented body, and jointed appendages

  15. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Chordata - Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals • Notochord (spine), hollow dorsal nerve cord (spinal cord), pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail • Subphylums • Vertebrata - vertebrates • Cephalochordata “The Lancelets” – fish-shaped animals with no brains • Urochordata “The Tunicates” – bags of jelly

  16. Phyla: Arthropods

  17. Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods • Chelicerata – spiders, mites, scorpions • Appendages just above/in front of the mouth • Classes • Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, mites • Pycnogonida – sea spiders • Merostomata – extinct sea scorpions and horseshoe crabs

  18. Orders of Arachnida • Araneae – true spiders • Opiliones – daddy-long-legs • Scorpiones – scorpions • Acarina – mites and ticks

  19. Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods • Myriapods – millipedes, centipedes • Many body segments each with one or two pairs of legs • Classes • Chilopoda – centipedes • Diplopoda - millipedes • Pauropoda – small, similar to millipedes • Symphyla – look like centipedes but are smaller and translucent

  20. Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods • Hexapods – insects • Bodies have three parts (anterior head, thorax, and posterior abdomen), 6 legs • Classes • Insecta – insects • Entognatha - wingless

  21. Orders of Insecta • Orders • Orthoptera – grasshoppers • Diptera – flies and mosquitoes • Lepidoptera – butterflies and moths • Hymenoptera – bees, wasps, and ants • Coleoptera - beetles

  22. Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods • Crustaceans – lobsters, crabs, barnacles, crayfish, shrimp • Biramous appendages (claws), primarily aquatic • Classes • Branchiopoda – brine shrimp • Maxillopoda – barnacles • Malacostraca – crabs, lobsters, shrimp, krill

  23. Phyla Mollusca

  24. Classes of Mollusca • Gastropoda – snails and slugs • Very diverse group, no defining characteristics • Cephalopoda– squid, octopus • Bilateral body symmetry, prominent head, set of arms or tentacles

  25. Classes of Mollusca • Bivalvia – clams, oysters, scallops • Shell consisting of two asymmetrically rounded halves called valves joined with a hinge, filter feeding

  26. Phyla Chordata - Vertebrates

  27. Chordata Subphyla: Cephalochordata Subphyla: Urochordata Subphyla: Vertebrata Class: Amphibia Class: Agnatha (jawless fish) Class: Reptilia Class: Chondrichtheyes (cartilaginous fish) Class: Mammalia Class: Osteichtheyes (bony fish) Subclass: Prototheria (egg laying) Subclass: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays) Subclass: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Class: Aves Subclass: Metatheria (marsupials) Subclass: Neognathe Subclass: Holocephali (chimaeras) Subclass: Sorcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Subclass: Palaegognatha (flightless) Subclass: Eutheria (placental)

  28. Classes of Vertebrata • Agnatha – jawless fish • No jaws, no paired fins, notochord in adults, seven or more paired gill pouches • Lampreys and hagfish

  29. Classes of Vertebrata • Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes • Jawed fish, paired fins, paired nares, scales, two-chambered hearts, cartilage skeleton • Subclasses • Elasmobranchii – sharks and rays • Holocephali - chimaeras

  30. Classes of Vertebrata • Osteichthyes – bony fish • Bony skeleton, most have gills, most are cold bloodes • fish • Subclasses • Actinopterygii – ray-finned fish • Herring • Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned fish • Coelacanths, lungfish

  31. Classes of Vertebrata • Amphibia – amphibians • Cold blooded, metamorphose from a juvenile water-breathing form, either to an adult air-breathing form or to a pedomorph that retains some juvenile characteristics • Orders • Anura – frogs and toads • Caudata – salamanders and newts • Gymnophiona – caecilians, limbless amphibians that resemble snakes

  32. Classes of Vertebrata • Reptilia – reptiles • Breath air, lay shelled eggs, scales, cold-blooded, • Orders • Crocodilia – crocodiles, gavials, caimans, and alligators • Sphenodontia – tuataras from New Zealand • Squamata – lizards, snakes, worm lizards • Testudines – turtles and tortoises

  33. Classes of Vertebrata • Aves – birds • Winged, bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying • Subclass • Neornithes – modern birds • Superorders • Palaeognathe – flightless birds • Neognathae – rest of the birds

  34. Orders of Aves • Palaeognathae – flightless birds • Orders • Struthioniformes – ostriches, emus, kiwis • Tinamiformes - tinamous

  35. Orders of Aves • Neognathae – rest of the birds • Orders – 27 • Anseriformes – waterfowl • Charadriiformes – gulls, button-quails, plovers • Sphenisciformes – penguins • Falconiformes – falcons, eagles, hawks • Phaethontiformes – tropicbirds • Strigiformes – owls • Galliformes – fowl, pheasant

  36. Classes of Vertebrata • Mammalia – mammals • Air-breathing, mammary glands, hair or fur, three middle ear bones, neocortex region in the brain • Subclasses • Prototheria – egg laying, • Monotremes – platypuses and echindnas • Metatheria – marsupials • Eutheria - placentals

  37. Orders of Mammalia • Metatheria or Marsupialia • Pouch • Orders • Didelphimorphia – opossums • Dasyuromorphia – Tasmanian devil • Peramelemorphia – bandicoots • Diprotodontia – koala, wombats, kangaroos,

  38. Orders of Mammalia • Eutheria • Placental, give birth to more fully developed young • Superorder • Xenarthra • Afrotheria • Euarchontoglires • Laurasiatheria

  39. Orders of Mammalia • Xenarthra • Vertebra joints have extra articulations, have lowest metabolic rates in the class, only exist in the Americas • Orders • Cingulata – armadillo • Pilosa – sloths, anteater

  40. Orders of Mammalia • Afrotheria • Belong to groups from Africa or of African origin • Orders • Afrosoricia – golden moles, otter shrews • Macroscelidea – elephant shrews • Tubulidentata – aardvark • Proboscidea – elephants • Sirenia - manatees

  41. Orders of Mammalia • Euarchontoglires • Orders • Rodentia – 2 incisors • rats, squirrels, porcupines, beavers • Lagomorpha – 4 incisors • Pika, rabbits, hares • Dermoptera– gliding mammals • Flying lemur • Scandentia • treeshrews

  42. Orders of Mammalia • Euarchontoglires • Order • Primate • Large brains, opposable thumbs, slower rates of development, vision dominant sensory system • Lemurs, marmosets, monkeys, gibbons, humans

  43. Orders of Mammalia • Laurasiatheria • Based on similar gene sequences • Orders • Erinaceomorpha (Insectavores) – hedgehogs • Soricomorpha – moles, shrews • Cetacea – whales, dolphins, porpoises • Carnivora – cats, dogs, bears, seals, raccoons • Chiroptera – bats

  44. Orders of Mammalia • Laurasiatheria • Orders • Artiodactyla – even toed • pigs, hippopotamuses, camels, giraffes, deer, cattle, sheep • Perissodactyla – odd-toed • horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses

  45. Family • Family • Division of Orders • Common families • Carnivora • Canidae – dogs • Ursidae – bears • Felidae – cats • Primates • Hominidae – great apes (humans)

  46. Genus and Species • Families are divided into Genus • Naming of individual species • Contain two parts • Genus • Listed first • First letter capitalized • Species • Listed second • Not capitalized • Example – humans • Homo sapiens

  47. Genus and Species • Genus • Generic name • Groups animals of the same type • Usually based on physical features, sometimes on DNA • Guidelines for deciding what species belong in a genus • Monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together • Reasonable compactness – a genus should not be expanded needlessly • Distinctness – in regards of evolutionarily relevant criteria • Ecology, morphology, or biogeography

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