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The World Between the Wars – WWI & WWII. A Struggle for Change in Latin America. The Mexican Revolution Desires for land, better wages, and democratic reforms Result: a new constitution that set goals for future social and political changes Nationalism The Good Neighbor Policy.
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A Struggle for Change in Latin America • The Mexican Revolution • Desires for land, better wages, and democratic reforms • Result: a new constitution that set goals for future social and political changes • Nationalism • The Good Neighbor Policy
Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East • Africa – opposition to imperialism spread as the Pan-African and negritude movements developed. • Modernization in Turkey and Iran • Pan-Arab movements sought Arab unity and freedom from foreign domination • Promises in Palestine
India Seeks Self-Rule • Moves toward independence – Amritsar massacre • Mohandas Gandhi and The Salt March • Muslims become fearful of then Hindu majority and began to call for a separate Muslim state
Upheavals in China • The Chinese Republic was crippled by feuding warlords, a collapsed economy, famine, and increasing foreign influence • May Fourth Movement • 1927 – Civil war erupts between the Guomindang and Communists. • Japanese invasion
Empire of the Rising Sun • 1920s- Japan’s political parties and democratic parliament grew stronger • Great Depression fueled dissatisfaction among militarists and extreme nationalists • 1930s- the Japanese military dominated a government that emphasized obedience to the emperor, service to the state, and a policy of imperial expansion
1920 Treaty of Versailles
Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations • No control over major conflicts • No progress in disarmament • No effective military force
Fascism is the totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life.
Fascism • A form of extreme right-wing ideology. • It celebrates the nation or the race as an organic community transcending all other loyalties. • Powerful and continuing nationalism. • Constant use of patriotic mottos, slogans, symbols, songs, etc. • Flags are seen everywhere. • It uses organized violence to suppress opposition. • Glorification of force. • Accepts the tenets of Social Darwinism. • Is anti-democratic.
Dictators Challenge World Peace • Japan seizes Manchuria in 1931 and withdrew from the League of Nations • 1936 Italy: Mussolini conquered Ethiopia (finally took revenge on them) • Germans: Hated the Versailles treaty. Hitler built up their military and sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland bordering France.
Dictators Challenge World Peace • Appeasement: giving in to the demands of an aggressor to keep peace. • Some westerners viewed Hitler as a defense against a worse evil- Soviet Communism • Pacifism • Neutrality Acts (U.S.A.): avoid involvement in European war. • Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis: Italy, Germany, and Japan
Spanish Civil War • Nationalists: • Fascists • Supported by Germany and Italy • German air raid on Guernica • Triumphant in 1939 and set up a fascist dictatorship like those of Hitler and Mussolini • Loyalists • Supported by U.S. and Great Britain (even though they remained neutral) • Republic • Communists • Socialists • Marxists
German Aggression Continues • Anschluss: Union of Germany and Austria • Hitler annexes the Sudetenland in 1938. • The Munich Pact