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Cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular system. Anatomy & Physiology. Arteries to know. Aorta-brachiocephalic, common carotid, and subclavian . Brachial Renal Radial Femoral Popliteal Coronary. Veins to know. Jugular Brachial Renal Radial Femoral Popliteal Hepatic Vena cava. Blood facts.

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Cardiovascular system

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  1. Cardiovascular system Anatomy & Physiology

  2. Arteries to know • Aorta-brachiocephalic, common carotid, and subclavian. • Brachial • Renal • Radial • Femoral • Popliteal • Coronary

  3. Veins to know • Jugular • Brachial • Renal • Radial • Femoral • Popliteal • Hepatic • Vena cava

  4. Blood facts • Denser than water • pH between 7.35 and 7.45 (slightly alkaline) • Temperature: 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit • Approximately 8% of body weight • 5-6L in adult males (1.5 gallons) • 4-5L in adult females

  5. blood • Blood, heart, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system. • Blood signifies life b/c it helps distribute nutrients, maintain body temperature, and fight infection. • Blood is a form of connective tissue.

  6. Blood composition • 55% of blood is liquid plasma (proteins, nutrients, hormones, & waste). • 45% of blood is cellular components (red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets). • Hemocrit= amount of RBCs.

  7. Red blood cells-rbc • Erythrocytes • Anatomy: Biconcave disc shape, which gives them a larger surface area. • Physiology: Transport oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

  8. RBC • 1/3 of the volume is hemoglobin, which is a protein that binds O2. It also give blood its red color. • When RBCs are young, they have nuclei. As they mature, they push the nuclei out to make more room for hemoglobin. • They are made in bone marrow & live 120 days. • They’re flexible to pass thru blood vessels. • Red blood cell count (RBCC)-high number is good (means high levels of O2 in blood).

  9. White blood cells-WBC • Leukocytes • Physiology: protect against disease by phagocytizing bacterial cells or producing proteins-antibodies that destroy foreign particles.

  10. WBC types • Neutrophils-most common, phagocytize small things. • Eosinophils-1-3% of WBCs, kill parasites and control inflammation. • Basophils-rare, release heparin to keep blood thin. • Monocytes-3-9% of WBCs, phagocytize large things, largest WBC, turn into macrophages. • Lymphocytes-25-30% of WBCs, live long, immune system.

  11. White blood cell count-wbcc • Normal levels are 5,000-10,000. • Greater than 10,000 indicates an infection or leukemia. • Less than 5,000 is called leukopenia and can be caused by things such as the flu, measles, and AIDS.

  12. platelets • Thrombocytes • Physiology: clot blood • Anatomy: Not complete cells but are fragments of large cells, small and no nucleus, and live 10 days.

  13. Plasma • Anatomy: The clear, tan-colored liquid portion of blood. It’s 92% water. The other 8% is proteins, electrolytes, & lipoproteins (cholesterol). • Physiology: helps transport substances & maintain pH.

  14. Blood groups • Blood is classified by ABO groups and the Rh factor. • Only certain combinations of blood are compatible. • Antigens are substances that when put into the body, they stimulate the production of an antibody. Include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs. • Antibodies are lymphocytes that attack antigens.

  15. ABO Blood groups • A and B are antigens on the surface of RBCs. • If you have: • A blood, you have A antigens. • B blood, you have B antigens. • AB blood, you have A and B antigens. • O blood, you have no antigens. • Statistics: 47% of people have O, 41% A, 9% B, and 3%AB.

  16. Transfusions & paternity

  17. Rh factor-Positive only gets positive

  18. End Day 1

  19. Blood vessels • Blood vessels form a closed loop of tubes within the body. • Arteries-strong, elastic, carry blood away from the heart under HIGH pressure. • Arterioles-smaller arteries. • Capillaries-smallest, connect arterioles to venules, thin so things diffuse across them. • Venules-small veins. • Veins-weaker, less elastic, carry blood back to heart under low pressure.

  20. Cardiovascular system (CS) • The CS is made of the heart & blood vessels. • The heart pumps 7,000 L/day-for a total of ~2.5 billion pumps in your life time. • The heart pumps blood through arteries, to smaller arterioles, to capillaries where nutrients & gases are exchanged, to venules, to veins, then back to the heart.

  21. Paths of circulation-pulmonary circuit • Vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up O2 and unloads CO2. The oxygenated blood travels back to the heart.

  22. Paths of circulation-systemic circuit • Vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to all of the body parts, where the blood picks up wastes and travels back to the heart.

  23. Anatomy of the heart-wall • It sits in your thoracic cavity & is covered with the pericardium. • The wall has 3 layers: • Epicardium=visceral pericardium; reduces friction. • Myocardium=thick muscle; pumps. • Endocardium=inner layer that connect to blood vessels.

  24. Anatomy of the heart-chambers • Has 4 chambers-2 atria and 2 ventricles. • Atria-top, thin walls, receive returning blood. • Ventricles-bottom, thick walls, receive blood from atria and contract to force blood out. • Septum separates atria from ventricles, meaning blood from one side never mixes with blood from the other side.

  25. Anatomy of the heart-valves • Atrioventricular valves separate atria from ventricles. • Tricuspid valve on the right. • Mitral (bicuspid) valve on the left. • Papillary muscles attach valves to the wall. • Semilunar valves • Pulmonary valve between right ventricle and pulmonary vein. • Aortic valve between left ventricle and aortic vein.

  26. Path of blood • Blood with less O2 and more CO2 enters the right atrium thru venae cavae. • Right atrium contracts, blood passes thru tricuspid valve & enters the right ventricle. • Right ventricle contracts, blood moves thru pulmonary valve & into the pulmonary artery. • Blood enters capillaries of alveoli (air sacs) of lungs.

  27. Path of blood continued… • CO2 is exchanged for O2 in the alveoli. • Oxygenated blood flows to heart thru pulmonary veins & into the left atrium. • Left atrium contracts, blood passes thru mitral valve & enters the left ventricle. • Left ventricle contracts, blood moves thru aortic valve, into the aorta & is passed thru arteries throughout the body.

  28. Path of blood songhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_d0ykpzQgY

  29. Path of blood videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rj_qD0SEGGk

  30. End day 2

  31. Actions of the heart-cycle • The chambers are coordinated. • Cardiac Cycle-the atria contract-systole-while the ventricles relax-diastole. Then the ventricles contract while the atria relax. Then both rest. • The lubb-dubb sound comes from the vibrations of valves closing. • Lubb=ventricular systole • Dubb=ventricular diastole

  32. Actions of the heart-cardiac conduction system • The heart has clumps of specialized tissue that coordinates the cycle. • An important part of this system is the sinoatrial node (S-A node) in the right atrium. • The S-A node generates the heart’s rhythmic contractions, so it’s called our pacemaker.

  33. Electrocardiogram-ecg or ekg • A recording of electrical changes that occur in myocardium during a cardiac cycle. • Because the body’s fluid conduct electrical currents, this can be measured on the body’s surface using an EKG test. • EKG tests show whether the heart is beating normally.

  34. Ekg peaks • P wave= atria contracts. • QRS complex= ventricles contract. • T wave= ventricles relax.

  35. tachycardia • Tachycardiais a fast heartbeat-typically over 100 beats/minute. Most of the time, this condition isn’t serious (exercise, anxiety, caffeine, etc.). However, fever & heart failure are serious causes.

  36. Myocardial infarction • A heart attack occurs when blood flow to a part of your heart is blocked for a long enough time that part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies. • Most heart attacks are caused by a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries bring blood and oxygen to the heart. If the blood flow is blocked, the heart is starved of oxygen and heart cells die.

  37. Actions of the heart-regulation • The volume of blood pumped changes depending on the activity. • The medulla oblongata, cerebrum, and hypothalamus can control the heart. • Temperature also affects heart rate.

  38. End day 3

  39. Blood pressure-bp • The force blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels. • Refers mainly to pressure in arteries. • Pressure rises and falls with the cardiac cycle-systolic pressure is max, diastolic pressure is min. (Normal is 120/80.) • Surge of blood entering artery during contractions expands walls but pressure drops quickly as contraction ends. Alternating expand/relax is your pulse.

  40. Control of bp • Baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sense changes in BP. • If BP is high-the baroreceptors send impulses to medulla oblongata, which sends an impulse to S-A node and heart rate drops, so less blood is pumped, so BP drops. • Exercise, high temperature, and emotions can increase BP.

  41. Venous blood flow • BP drops as blood moves through arteries and capillaries, so veins have low BP. • Blood flows through veins mainly from skeletal muscle movement pressing on them-almost like blood is getting massaged through veins.

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