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Staphylococcal Infections

Staphylococcal infections, caused by Gram-positive bacteria found in clusters, often present as skin infections like abscesses and boils. Staphylococcus aureus and its resistant strains (MRSA) can lead to serious diseases including pneumonia, endocarditis, and food poisoning. Transmission commonly occurs through skin contact and contaminated food. Risk factors include compromised immune systems and skin injuries. Diagnosis typically involves blood culture, while treatment may include drainage and antibiotics. Preventive measures emphasize hygiene and safe food practices.

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Staphylococcal Infections

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  1. Staphylococcal Infections Godwin Tse LA-TRAP Summer 2011

  2. Staphylococcus •  from Greek word staphlye and kokkos, “bunches of grapes” • Gram positive bacteria • Round (coccus), found in clusters • Genus can be divided the ability to produce coagulase

  3. Coagulase positive • S. aureus • S. hyicus-intermedius group (5 other strains) • S. aureus • Part of normal flora, can be found in nose and skin • 80% of population in the US are colonized at some point, 20-30% persistently

  4. Pathophysiology • Tissue invasion • Transmission • Formation of abscess • Transport via blood • Toxin-mediated disease • Consumption of contaminated food • Caused by enterotoxins

  5. Food poisoning • toxic shock syndrome • gastroenteritis • Scalded skin syndrome Skin infection • impetigo • cellulitis • bacteremia/sepsis • staphyococcal pneumonia • endocarditis • osteomyelitis

  6. Signs and Symptoms • Abscess, boils • Redness, swelling, lesions • Pus • High fevers, chills, low BP • Food poisoning: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration withing 1-6 hrs

  7. Risk factors • Newborn infants • Breastfeeding women • Weakened immune systems • Skin injuries/disorders • Chronic conditions such as diabetes, cancer, vascular disease, lung disease • Presence of intravenous catheters or surgical incisions

  8. Tests • Blood culture • Culture from the infected site • Gram stain and culture of the fluid • Sputum culture • Urine culture

  9. Treatment • Drainage of infection • Antibiotics • Pencillins • Cephalosporins • Clindamycin • Vancomycin

  10. MRSA • Methicillin resistent Staphylococcus aureus • HA-MRSA • Affects the very sick, elderly, and those with an open wound such as a bedsore or catheter • CA-MRSA • Associated with recent antibiotic use, active skin diseases/injuries, poor hygiene, crowded settings • Accounts for 12% of MRSA infections (from CDC)

  11. Coagulase negative staphylococci • S. epidermidis • Creates biofilms • Occurs on intravenous catheters or surgical implants • Antibiotics not as effective due to impaired diffusion caused by surface proteins • Most effective treatment is to replace catheter or implant

  12. Prevention • Proper hygiene when attending to skin wounds • Avoid skin contact with infected individuals • Safe food practices Source

  13. References • http://www.medicinenet.com/staph_infection/ • http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358 • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004520/ • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection • http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Quality-Measures/Preventing-Hospital-Acquired-Infections/Preventing-Bloodstream-Infections-by-Methicillin-Resistant-Staphylococcus-aureus-MRSA.aspx • http://www.cdc.gov/

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