1.1. ‘ IPA dialects’ from a universal perspective use of /y/ instead of /j/ in African studies

1. 永宁纳语(纳西语东部方言)的音位系统:从听觉的记音到声学分析Reflections about the phonemic analysis of Yongning Na (Tibeto-Burman): perceptual transcription and acoustic dataAlexis Michaud*米可Jacqueline Vaissière**雅科林·维西尔*Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale**Laboratoire de Phonétique et PhonologieCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ Université Paris 3Phonetics Conference of China, PCC 2008, Special Session: “Sino-Tibetan Field Phonetics from a Universal Perspective”

2. 2 背景问题：如何选择国际音标符号？1.1.在不同国家、国际音标的用法稍有所不同。例如：赵元任先生的元音符号ɿ是否等于成音节的/z/？(至今这些符号未进入国际音标表)1. Background issue: How do we select IPA symbols for phonemes? 1.1. ‘IPA dialects’ from a universal perspective • use of /y/ instead of /j/ in African studies • in China: use of Chao’s symbols for fricative syllabics (E. Zee, this conference)

3. 3 1.2. 应该按照什么标准应用国际音标符号？ 因为本地调查者需要进行音位归纳、所以他一般会很清楚地知道, 一个音位的定义等于它在整个音位系统中的位置。(→结构主义的观点。) 同时,他会按照“多种语言一种标音文字”来利用国际音标符号。 声学分析能不能帮我们更好地把结构与实体联系起来？ ‘Dialectal’ uses of the IPA point to an issue: references for a standard usage? 1.2. The paradox of fieldwork: a double allegiance: • structural observation: each phoneme is defined in terms of its position within the phonemic system. • implementation of the International Phonetic Alphabet ideal: one alphabet for all languages. ↓ Can acoustics help bridge the gap? Can it help describe linguistic diversity, in terms of a common descriptive framework?

4. 4 2.永宁纳语(纳西语东部方言)的音位系统2. Phonemic inventory of Yongning Na (work in progress)

5. 5 起初记录为[e]与[i]的那两个元音、是同一个音位的变体？ 或者只是调查者的听觉习惯里才有的两种不同的音？ 或者只是因调查者的听觉习惯而区分出来的？ Initial phonetic notations: acase of allophony… … or a perceptual bias?

6. 6 3. A glance at acoustics 3.1. The close front vowel Initial notations: [e] vs. [i] [tɕiH] ‘cloud’ 云 [ʈʂeH] ‘earth’ 土 Spectrographically: similar. Formant movement:opening, ≈[ie] 语谱图表明,分别记为[e]与[i]的元音原来是相同的。 Perception of [e]: due to initial consonant? → cross-splicing: initial [tɕ] of ‘cloud’+rhyme of ‘earth’ initial [tʂ] of ‘earth’+rhyme of ‘cloud’ Intuition: perceived allophony: perceptual effect of the preceding context.

7. 7 调查者的语言背景的影响：比较永宁纳语的/i/元音与法语的/i/元音 Influence of the investigator’s linguistic background? Perceptual expectations: French /i/ corresponds to the acoustic configuration {palatal (⇑F3F4)3200Hz} The close front vowel of Yongning Na in isolation: [iMH] ‘pimple’ 痘痘 French /pi/ (logatom)

8. 8 → 是否两种变体? 声学分析：似乎不是。但从听觉角度而言、却有区分的可能性。 → is the description in terms of two allophones inadequate? Acoustically: similar vowels; perceptually: potential for separate evolution. ↓ project: 2 female speakers, 2 male speakers

9. = 9 3.2. Rhotic sounds ‘rock’ Yongning Na: / t / ≠ / ʈ /; combines with rhymes /ɻ/ and /v̩/. Hypotheses: /v/: weak friction; /ɻ/: approximant, not /ə˞/; diphthongisation ‘fist’

10. 纳西语西部方言的/v̩/：有更明显的磨擦现象，而东部方言没有那么明显的摩擦。使用的是同一个符号，但语音现象有区别。纳西语西部方言的/v̩/：有更明显的磨擦现象，而东部方言没有那么明显的摩擦。使用的是同一个符号，但语音现象有区别。 Comparison with /v̩/ in a Western Naxi dialect (AS) 10

11. 11 4. 结论：声学分析能有什么样的帮助？ 4.1. 数码时代的调查： 调查者能够得到大量的录音资料。 →如何发表录音资料？ →语音学领域的新观察视角与新的要求 4. Conclusions about the use of acoustic data 4.1. Practical perspective: Acoustics in the digital era Fieldwork yields abundant recordings → How to publish the recorded data? → New perspective on fieldwork, new requirements

12. 4.2. “全时音系学“(‘panchronic phonology’: Haudricourt): 联系起共时角度与历时角度 4.2. Relevance in a panchronic perspective diachrony synchrony structural diachrony dynamic synchrony panchronic phonology Many thanks to / 非常感谢： • the organisers of PCC 2008. • the Academy of Social Sciences 中央社会科学院民族研究所 (Pr. Huang Xing 黄行所长) for the invitation to conduct research in the People’s Republic of China. • the language consultants for their hospitality and friendship, and Latami Dashi 拉他咪·达石 for his help with fieldwork in Yongning. • Ekaterina Chirkova (齐卡佳),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, head of a 4-year research project (2008-2011) allowing the first author to conduct regular fieldwork.