Study Guide - Part II

1. Study Guide - Part II 7th Grade World History

2. A. Roman Empire a. Strengths • i. Citizenship • ii. Roman Law – 12 Tables • iii. Roman Art – paintings & sculptures • iv. Architecture – columns, pillars, arches, the Coliseum, temples, the Pantheon • v. Engineering – aqueducts, roads • vi. Philosophy – incorporation of Greek & Latin ideas (classics) • vii. Religion – Christianity

3. A. Roman Empire b. WEAKNESSES i. Barbarian Invasions ii. Decline in Morals & Values iii. Environmental & Public Health Problems iv. Excessive Military Spending to Defend the Empire v. Inferior technology vi. Inflation (an increase in prices) vii. Political Corruption viii. Rise in Christianity ix. Unemployment x. Urban decay c. Restructuring i. CONSTANTINOPLE – new capital

4. B. Islam a. Muhammad – spread religion of Islam throughout the area of the Arabian Peninsula i. Visited by angel Gabriel told to recite “there is no God but Allah” (monotheistic religion – belief in only 1 God) ii. These revelations are recorded in the verses of the Qur’an, or Koran

5. B. Islam b. The Sunna were the guiding rules for Islam i. The most basic of these rules were the 5 Pillars 1. Shahada – profession of faith “there is no GOD… 2. Salat – prayer, towards Mecca 5 times a day 3. Zakat – almsgiving or welfare contribution 4. Sawm – fasting during Ramadan 5. Hajj – Pilgrimage to Mecca ii. Other Islamic laws forbid gambling, alcohol, the use of illegal substances, and eating pork and other ‘unclean’ foods. Modesty in the style of clothes, particularly for women, is also important in Islamic tradition

6. B. Islam c. 2 branches Main Branches of Islam i. Sunni Muslims make up some 90 per cent of believers. Broadly speaking, Sunni Muslims have historically adapted to life alongside a range of other cultures, while maintaining allegiance to the Qur’an and the Hadith. ii. The second main branch consists of Shi’ite Muslims. Shi’ites are led by clerics (religious scholars) called Imams, who generally believe in keeping Islamic culture sealed from all outside influences and cultures. iii. There main difference was in who the believed should be caliph after Muhammad Shiites wanted only blood relatives of Muhammad & the Sunnis wanted someone elected

7. B. Islam d. Advancements i. Growth of cities & establishment of trade routes – people went where the WATER was! ii. Merchants played a big role - spices, textiles, paper, steel, new crops iii. Intellectual exchanges among Muslim scholars 1. Science – astronomy, medicine, hospitals, irrigation, water wheels 2. Geography – map making skills 3. Mathematics – ALGEBRA 4. Art 5. Literature 6. Common monetary system

8. C. China a. Buddhism (Siddhartha Gautama) i. Connection with afterlife ii. nirvana b. Confucianism (Kongfuzi) i. Idea of having relationships c. Daoism (from Laozi) i. Yin & Yang, balance of powers, connection with Nature

9. C. China d. Mongols i. Genghis Khan 1. horse back riding skills, ride hands-free w/ weapons 2. broke military up into divisions ii. Kublai Khan 1. Genghis’ grandson involved in increasing KHAN territory, known for battle with Japan

10. C. China e. Ming Dynasty i. Chinese who rebelled against the Mongols ii. Wanted to expel the foreigners who did not appreciate China’s traditions iii. Emperor Taizu restored familiar traditions 1. public works projects: repairing irrigation systems, building reservoirs, rebuilding the GREAT WALL iv. Proved to be a Superior Naval Power 1. Zheng He – hired to explore the west f. Discoveries & Inventions i. Tea, manufacturing of paper, woodblock printing (moveable type), compass, gunpowder (fireworks), fishing reel, rudder, matches, paper money, bicycle chain drive

11. D. Africa a. Ghana, Mali, Songhai – 3 greatest empires i. Around the Niger River 1. vegetation zones a. forest/savannah/desert 2. Trade in gold, SALT, food, and slaves ii. Mansa Musa – Mali’s greatest ruler spread Islam & increased size of Empire

12. D. Africa b. Bantu Speakers i. Make sturdy iron tools (Nok were the 1st west Africans to make iron) ii. Migrate across Africa c. Rise of Coastal Trade i. Ability to trade using water as main route ii. Ports d. Rise of City States i. Independent states made up of a city & its surrounding territory

13. D. Africa e. Rise of the Zimbabwe State i. GOLD f. Kongo Kingdom i. Affected by arrival of Portuguese who encouraged villages to declare war on each other 1. Introduced idea of slavery, guns & war g. Kinship – family relationship i. Ancestor worship – honored ancestors through music & dance ii. Story telling ex: COWTAIL SWITCH

14. E. JAPAN “Land of the Rising Sun” a. Islands of Japan i. 4 Main – Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu ii. land mostly mountainous w/ volcanoes – less than 20% of land available for farming and human habitation iii. very few natural resources iv. Typhoons frequent – heavy winds and rains v. Isolation – set apart from much of the world

15. E. JAPAN b. Shinto – early religion of Japan i. Revolves around nature ii. Teaches that the natural world is filled with divine spirits or kami (highest ranking kami is the SUN GODDESS) c. Prince Shotoku i. Ruled as a regent ii. Encouraged Buddhism & spread of the Chinese culture iii. Shinto linked Japanese to their homeland and past but Buddhism was accepted along with Shinto because it met spiritual needs plus it promised rewards to the faithful and the good

16. E. JAPAN d. Court of Refinement i. People dressed prim & proper in expensive tastes ii. Women tried to look beautiful – long hair, white makeup, blackened teeth, shaved eyebrows & painted new ones higher on forehead, wore many colored robes iii. Poetry was the favorite form of Literature (Haikus) followed by diaries & tales (Tale of Genji) iv. Kabuki Theater – use of puppets – controlled by puppet master v. Noh drama – masked dancer, supported by minor players and a chorus, presents a slow dance drama vi. Japanese Tea Ceremonies vii. Zen gardens – rocks & sand viii. New writing systems “Hiragana” borrowed from China – use of symbols

17. E. JAPAN e. The POWER of the SHOGUNS i. Shogun = great general ii. Daimyo = nobles who owned large estates in the provinces and supported the shogun iii. Samurai = “those who serve” iv. Warrior code – promise to serve – must be willing to die or kill self in battle

18. E. JAPAN f. Religious denominations – different groups i. Pure Land Buddhism – 1. stressed chanting the name Amida Buddha, 2. stressed happiness in afterlife rather than finding peace or enlightenment in life on earth 3. taught that believers would be reborn in a blissful pure land or paradise ii. Zen Buddhism – 1. more concerned with individual enlightenment rather that national well-being 2. taught that physical and mental exercise would produce a sudden recognition of the nature of existence 3. appealed to samurai b/c it stressed exacting spiritual & physical discipline as the path to enlightenment 4. Taught logic and mental skills

19. F. Meso-American and Andean Civilizations a. Migrants from Asia – early hunter gatherers b. Olmec i. Developed around 1200 B.C. ii. Earliest civilization in Central America iii. They originally lived in the Gulf Coast region of southern Mexico, but soon expanded into Guatemala

20. F. Meso-America iv. Olmec society was very simple. It was essentially divided into two groups: 1. the elite group lived in the small urban centers (towns, really) a. The elite lived off of the agriculture of the common people, but they probably didn't rule over the agricultural populations. Instead, they carried out religious ceremonies centered in the towns and carried out commercial trade in luxury and artistic items 2. the common people lived in the rural areas. v. Olmecs were overwhelmingly an agricultural people. vi. Most dramatic achievements were the building of massive stone heads which archaeologists believe that they may be Olmec kings.

21. F. Meso-America c. Mayan i. Settled in a fertile region ii. Established small farming villages – gathered food from forest & raised crops iii. Economy based on agriculture iv. Some villages grew into cities with impressive palaces and pyramids v. Artisans carved huge stone figures and pillars to adorn their city vi. Cities were built around religious centers vii. Worshipped many Gods and believed that their gods controlled the sun, rain and other elements of nature viii. Told about their rulers in hieroglyphs painted on tomb walls and carved into stone steles, or columns ix. Achievements 1. Mayan Calendar 2. Number system – based on the number 20 instead of 10 3. Made Jewelry out of jade, gold, and shells

22. F. Meso-America d. Aztec i. Began as a band of hunter-gatherers living on a small island in Mexico whose god summoned them to leave – went to the “Valley of Mexico” ii. Had to adapt to their land 1. used reeds and mud from the swamp to make huts 2. caught and ate birds and fish 3. learned a method of farming known as “chinampas” (floating gardens) from tribes around them iii. Big on TRADE – able to acquire food, timber, and stone iv. Large number of Aztec warriors – great reputation for military skill

23. F. Meso-America v. Broken into social classes 1. lived in large settlements called calpullis – families of different social ranks lived in each calpulli a. Commoners made up majority of the population i. Had to pay a tribute or tax paid in goods or services to the government b. Serfs had to work the land c. Slaves were at the bottom of the social ladder – captives of war d. Nobles were smallest class but they were in control vi. Aztec Gods represented spirits who controlled the world

24. F. Meso-America vii. Cultural Achievements 1. palaces, temples, government storehouses made of stone and brick 2. craft workers produced beautiful feather headdresses, stone sculptures, and jewelry set with precious stones 3. Most important artifact was Aztec codices, or codes – a kind of book with pages made of bark viii. Took part in Human sacrifices

25. F. Meso-America e. Incan i. Located in South America on the coast of the Pacific Ocean and through the Andes Mts ii. Called their empire Tihuantinsuyu or the “land of the Four Quarters” – b/c they believed that they had conquered the entire world

26. F. Meso-America iii. Wanted UNITY 1. Inca religion became the official religion of the empire and subjects were forced to learn Quechua the native language iv. Believed that their ruler was the lord of all things – the land, animals, water, and the people.

27. F. Meso-America v. Had 2 classes 1. Nobility – a. Lived off the tribute b. Served as governors of Inca 2. Commoners – majority of the people a. Lived in cramped adobe huts b. Worked the land from sunrise to sunset – tribute to the government c. Had few individual freedoms i. Couldn’t travel w/out approval ii. Government decided when & whom they married

28. F. Meso-America d. Some worked to build massive cities e. Others paid their tribute by making pieces of art and jewelry i. Many of which were placed in the palaces of dead rulers as well as the temples of the gods. f. Prayed to gods and ancestors i. Believed in afterlife ii. After an Inca ruler died, the Inca mummified, or preserved his body 1. family would care for land and estate or the mummy would harm them 2. mummy was also brought out of palace for ceremonies held during harvest and planting season iii. INTI – the god of sun was the most important

29. F. Meso-America vi. BUILT SYSTEM OF ROADS vii. Had Vertical Economy – system of growing crops according to the height of the land 1. Terrace Farming – the building of raised banks of earth of steep land for farming a. Allowed them to grow surplus amounts of food b. Government built huge warehouses for them to store surplus in case of emergencies

30. G. Europe (Medieval Times) a. Spread of Christianity i. Role of the Church 1. Pope – head of the Roman Catholic Religion 2. Cardinal, Bishops, Archbishops follow with priests, pastors, etc 3. Nuns “brides of Christ” big on charity 4. Idea that church is the center of spiritual life

31. G. Europe (Medieval Times) b. Feudalism – a political and economic system in which large landholders or lords gave protection to people in return for their service to the landholder i. Hierarchies – orders of rank and authority 1. KING (monarch) 2. LORDS/VASSALS – swore an “oath of fealty” (promise to remain loyal to his lord and promised to provide lord with military protection) 3. KNIGHTS – armed mounted soldiers 4. SERFS/PEASANTS – worked the land in return for “life” ii. Guilds – union of people who practiced a similar trade

32. G. Europe (Medieval Times) c. Charlemagne – King of the Franks/Emperor i. 48 years of rule dominated by war ii. dedicated to strengthening the church iii. made opponents accept the Roman church and swear loyalty to him or DIE iv. established schools d. Crusades – Holy Wars i. Fought to return holy land under Jewish control back to Christians

33. G. Europe (Medieval Times) e. King John & the Magna Carta (Great Charter) i. No taxation w/out representation ii. Trial by peers (JURY) f. BUBONIC PLAGUE – BLACK PLAGUE i. Black spots formed under the skin from internal bleeding ii. Spread from fleas on black rats or form contact with a person with had the disease iii. Brought over on ships iv. ¼ to 1/3 of the population died v. led to the end of the Middle Ages!

34. H.RENAISSANCE – “rebirth or revival” a. Revival of classic learning and the arts – focus on refinement, personal achievement, and learning i. BALANCE between intellect & religious faith

35. H.RENAISSANCE b. Italian City States i. 250 small states ii. Venice & Milan – 2 of the largest iii. FLORENCE 1. ruling class made up of 800 of the city’s wealthiest families 2. aristocrats, merchants and bankers 3. lived in luxurious palaces 4. used their wealth to beautify their cities by hiring architects

36. H.RENAISSANCE c. Reopened the “SILK ROAD” i. Main trade route between Europe & China ii. Used Marco Polo’s travels as a guide d. Spread information i. Johannes Gutenberg – moveable type printing press ii. Translation of the Bible

37. H.RENAISSANCE e. ADVANCEMENTS in Literature, the arts, science, mathematics, etc i. Dante Alighieri – Italian born poet ii. Leonardo da Vinci – artist – “MONA LISA,” great scientific thinker – passion for flight iii. Michelangelo di Buonarroti Simoni – artist – “SISTINE CHAPEL,” sculptor iv. William Shakespeare – writer

38. I. REFORMATION a. Catholic church begins to fall apart b. New ideas of religion: Calvinism, Lutheran c. Catholic church frustrated begins Counter Reformation with 2 main goals i. Rid the church of abuses ii. Uphold tradition Catholic beliefs

39. J.SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION a. New era in scientific thinking i. Copernicus – theorized that the sun was the center of the universe ii. Vesalius – thorough dissection of the human body enabled him to describe human anatomy much more accurately

40. J.SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION iii. Galileo – 1. through observation and experimentation, tested the theory of falling bodies 2. developed a telescope that was larger and more powerful than ever before a. first person to observe sunspots, Jupiter’s moons, and Saturn’s rings

41. J.SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION iv. Bacon – established way of scientific research known as the Scientific Method 1. key part was idea of hypothesis – an assumption that can be tested by investigation v. Newton – used scientific method 1. provided an explanation for the universe – a force called “GRAVITY” holds the universe together