1. Lesson 60x006110 Programming Languages and Software

2. Main Topics • Programming Language Definition. • Machine Language. • Assembly Language. • High Level Language. • Features of High Level Language. • Types of High Level Language. • Application Programs

3. Alanguageis a system communication method. • Programming language is a set of symbols, characters, and rules that permit people to communicate with computers. • The Instructions of the programming language should perform : • Input/output. • Calculation / Text manipulation. • Logic / comparison. • Flow control (Loops & If Statements etc)

4. Machine language • A computer machine language consists of binary numbers ( 0’s & 1’s) that the processor directly understands. • Advantages: • Efficient use of storage for the instructions and data. • Instructions are immediately executed. • Instructions can be used to manipulate the individual bits. • Disadvantages: • It is a machine dependent. • It take a long time to make a program. • Computer storage locations must be addressed directly. • It requires high level of programming skills.

5. Machine language sample Machine code: who would ever want to program in this?

6. Assembly Language Notes: • The first introduced for the assembly language in the second generation computers. • the assembler enables the computer to convert the assembly language instructions into machine language. The set of instructions written by the programmer in assembly language is the source program. After it has been converted to machine language by an assembler its referred to as the object code. Assembly Code Assembler Machine Code

7. Assembly Program Sample mov DX, 0 XYZ: Sub DX, 02 Add DX, 04 Mov CX, 2 And BX, 03 Xor DX, DX Cmp DX, 1 jneXYZ Sample The function of the assembler movDX, 5 AddDX, 5 Mov CX, 40 subCX, 1 Add DX,CX 10101011 11110011 10101010 00101111 11110011 Assembler Assembly Code Machine Code

8. Advantages: • Easier than the machine language. • Fewer errors. • Programs run very fast (saves time). • Disadvantages: • Requires knowledge of H.W. • Programs are written for one type of computers. (Because its machine dependent language). • writing a program take a lot of time.

9. High Level Language (HLL) • Note: these languages introduced in forth generation computer. • Advantages: • Easy to learn. • Almost Machine Independent. • Require less time to write. • Provide good documentation. • Disadvantages: • Slow execution speed. • Occupy more space in memory.

10. Features of High Level Language • They have an extensive vocabulary of words, symbols and sentences. • Programs are written in the language are translated into many of machine language instructions, this translation are often done by special program called compiler. • Libraries of procedures and functions can be incorporated.(Structured programming) • A set of rules must be obeyed when writing the program. • Instructions in high level language are usually called statements. HLL Code Compiler Machine Code

11. Types of High Level Language • Commercial languages: • Such as COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language). Has been used mostly in business field. • COBOL 2002 supported object-oriented • Scientific languages: • For example FORTRAN (FORmulaTRANslator), ALGOL (ALGOrithm Language), and BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). • It suits numeric computation Features: • Extensive arithmetic computational ability. • Large library of built in mathematical functions.

12. Special Purpose Languages: • Used for particular type of problems such as:- • Machine Control. • Simulation. • Control of an experiment. • For example: LISP (LISt Processing), PROLOG (PROgramming in LOGic) for Artificial Intelligence applications • Language for operating systems: • It is used to control the operations of computer. • Such as • C • C ++ , uses Object Oriented techniques • Objective C , uses Object Oriented techniques

13. General Purpose Language: Java C, C++, Objective C Basic PL/I by IBM • Note: there are many implementation s, made by different companies, of the above languages such as : • MS-Visual BASIC. And VB.NET • MS Visual C++. And Visual C#, by Microsoft • Eclipse for Java. Free • JDeveloper, for Java by Oracle • XCode , for C & Objective C by Apple • Others

14. Application Program: is a program that designed to perform a particular task required by the user. • Examples : • Word Processors. • Inventory management programs. • Payroll program. • Accounting System. • Registration System . • Games etc.

15. Examples of General purpose Application packages • Word processor: to prepare text information such as Microsoft word. • Spread sheet (EXCEL) : it divides the display area into cells arranged in rows and columns. The numeric data in the cells can be processed (totaled, averaged, …). • DBMS “Data Base Management System”: that enable users to define data tables, where each table consist from fields (each column called field) and records (each row called record), combine records into file, decide the relationship's between these tables, and then manipulate and retrieve data in various ways. Examples MS-Access, by Microsoft MS-SQL, by Microsoft Oracle DBMS, by Oracle

16. Note: there are a lots of new applications programs such as : • DacEasy Accounting. • Typing Master. • 3D Max. • Anti-Virus. • AutoCAD. • Adobe Photoshop. • And many others